This page has been archived on the Web
Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please contact us to request a format other than those available.
Appendices of Final Screening Assessment
Petroleum Sector Stream Approach
Heavy Fuel Oils
[Industry-Restricted]
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers
64741-75-9
68783-08-4
70592-76-6
70592-77-7
70592-78-8
Environment Canada
Health Canada
July 2013
Appendices
- Appendices 1 to 4
- Appendix 5: Modelling results for environmental properties of industry-restricted HFOs
- Appendix 6: Modelling results for human exposure to industry-restricted HFOs
- Appendix 7: Summary of health effects information from pooled health effects data for HFO substances
Appendix 6: Modelling results for human exposure to industry-restricted HFOs
| Source type | Area |
|---|---|
| Effective emission area[a] | 50 m × 10 m (for ships), 10 m × 2 m (for trucks), 50 m × 5 m (for trains) |
| Emission rate (kg/day) | Available in Table A6.2 |
| Receptor height[b] | 1.74 m |
| Source release height[a] | 3 m |
| Adjustment factor for highest 1–24 hc | 0.4 |
| Urban–rural option | Urban |
|---|---|
| Meteorology[d] | 1 (full meteorology) |
| Minimum and maximum distance to use | 50–3000 m |
[b] Curry et al. (1993)
[c] U.S. EPA (1992)
[d] Default value in SCREEN3 (1996).
Table A6.2. Estimated regular evaporative emissions to air during transit[a]
| Substance | kg/year | kg/day[b] |
|---|---|---|
| Industry-restricted HFOs | 0.0011–8.4 | 3.14 × 10−6 – 0.024 |
[b] 350 days/year is used in the estimation. The Risk Management Research Institute (RMRI 2007) summarized the industry-related shipping traffic in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, during 2004–2005, showing approximately 3900 transits per year from tankers, bulk cargo, tugboat and other means. For the Come By Chance refinery only, over 230 tanker transits per year are related to shipping petroleum substances. A personal communication with the Energy Resources Conservation Board in Alberta suggested that the utilization rate of main pipelines is normally 24 hours/day, 365 days/year. Thus, it is reasonable to assume an average of 350 days/year for the transportation period. Information on transport frequency by trucks and trains is not available.
Table A6.3. Modelling results of industry-restricted HFO dispersion profile in ambient air within 24 hours in Canadaa
| Substance | 50 m | 1000 m | 2000 m | 3000 m |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industry-restricted HFOs | 1.6 × 10−4 – 1.28 | 9.8 × 10−7 –0.0075 | 3.5 × 10−7 –0.0027 | 2.0 × 10−7 –0.0016 |
Appendix 7: Summary of health effects information from pooled health effects data for HFO substances
| Endpoints | CAS RN[a] | Effect levels[b]/results |
|---|---|---|
| Acute health effects | 64742-90-1 | Inhalation LC50 (rat): greater than 3700 mg/m3 (both sexes) (U.S. EPA 2005). |
| Acute health effects | 64741-62-4 68553-00-4 | Lowest oral LD50s (rat): 4320 mg/kg-bw (females) for sample API 81-15 and 5130 mg/kg-bw (both sexes) for sample API 79-2 (CONCAWE 1998; ECB 2000a; API 2004). Other oral LD50s (rat): greater than 2000– greater than 25 000 mg/kg-bw (both sexes) for six CAS RN substances tested (CONCAWE 1998; ECB 2000a; API 2004; U.S. EPA 2005). Dermal LD50s (rabbit): greater than 2000– greater than 5350 mg/kg-bw (both sexes) for six CAS RN substances tested (CONCAWE 1998; ECB 2000a; API 2004; U.S. EPA 2005). |
| Acute health effects | 64741-62-4 | Other dermal LD50 (rat): greater than 2000 mg/kg-bw (both sexes) (ECB 2000a). |
| Acute (non-lethal) health effects | 64741-62-4 | Oral LOAEL: greater than or equal to 125 mg/kg-bw for maternal toxicity. A single dose of 2000 mg/kg-bw or single doses of 125, 500 or 2000 mg/kg-bw were administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (presumably via gavage) on one of gestation days 11–15 (profile of teratogenic effects as a function of gestation day) or gestation day 12 (profile of teratogenic effects as a function of dose), respectively. Two separate studies used two different samples for each study. (1) General observations ( greater than or equal to 500 mg/kg-bw): Red vaginal discharge, perineal staining and decreased stool. (2) Teratogenic effects versus gestation day (2000 mg/kg-bw): Decreased maternal body weight gain and thymus weight (regardless of exposure day). (3) Teratogenic effects versus dose (125, 500, 2000 mg/kg-bw): Dose-related decrease in maternal body weight gain and thymus weight (Feuston and Mackerer 1996). |
| Short-term repeated-exposure health effects | 64742-90-1 | Inhalation LOAEC: 540 mg/m3 for a concentration-related decrease in body weight (more severe in males) and an increase in liver weight (females). Concentrations of 540 or 2000 mg/m3 were administered to male and female Fischer 344 rats (5 of each sex per concentration), 6 hours/day for 9 days. A concentration-related increase in hair loss, nasal discharge, discharge from the eyes, closed eyes and perianal soiling were observed. Yellow discoloration of the lungs and hyperplasia of the pulmonary alveolar macrophages were also observed at all concentrations. Increased liver (male and female) and lung weights (female) and decreased spleen (male and female) and heart weights (male) were observed at 2000 mg/m3 (Gordon 1983). |
| Short-term repeated-exposure health effects | 64741-62-4 | Dermal LOAEL: 1 mg/kg-bw per day for dose-related decreases in gravid uterine weight, maternal body weight, body weight gain and feed consumption, as well as the occurrence of red vaginal exudates. Doses of 0.05, 1, 10, 50 or 250 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the clipped skin of pregnant CD rats from gestation days 0 to 19 (Hoberman et al. 1995). Other dermal study: Doses of 4, 8, 30, 125 or 500 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shaved backs of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (15 per dose) from gestation days 0–19 (4 mg/kg-bw per day dose given as 8 mg/kg-bw every other day). Aberrant serum chemistry and decreased body weight gain, as well as vaginal discharge, were observed at 8 mg/kg-bw per day (Mobil 1990; Feuston et al. 1997). Other dermal study: Doses of 200, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the skin of male and female Fischer 344 rats (5 of each sex per dose), 3 times per week for 28 days. Moderate skin irritation was observed at 200 mg/kg-bw per day, as was liver enlargement in females. Decreased body weight gain and severe skin irritation with skin ulceration were observed at 1000 mg/kg-bw per day. One and two treatment-related deaths were observed at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg-bw per day, respectively. Liver pathological changes and enlargement in males, changes in the lymphoid organs and slight to severe hypocellularity in the bone marrow were also observed at the highest dose (API 1983). |
| Short-term repeated-exposure health effects | 64741-81-7 | Other dermal study: Doses of 8, 30, 125 or 250 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shaved backs of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (15 per dose) from gestation days 0–19. At 8 mg/kg-bw per day, decreased thymus weights (relative and absolute), increased liver weights (relative) and skin irritation (dose-related) were observed. Altered hematological parameters and aberrant serum chemistry occurred at an unspecified dose. Red vaginal discharge, paleness and emaciation were observed at 30 mg/kg-bw per day. Moribundity was observed at 250 mg/kg-bw per day (Mobil 1994a). |
| Short-term repeated-exposure health effects | 68783-08-4 | Other dermal study: Doses of 8, 30, 125 or 500 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shorn dorsal skin of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats from gestation days 0–19. Maternal red vaginal discharge was observed in two rats at 125 mg/kg-bw per day (unsure if treatment-related) and in seven rats at 500 mg/kg-bw per day. Maternal body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, thymus weight (absolute and relative), liver weight (relative), clinical chemistry and hematology parameters were also affected at unspecified doses (Mobil 1991). |
| Subchronic repeated-exposure health effects | 64741-62-4 | Dermal LOAEL: 8 mg/kg-bw per day for increased relative liver weight (male and female) and increased absolute liver weight (female). Doses of 8, 30, 125, 500 or 2000 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shorn backs of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, 5 times per week for 13 weeks. Increased mortality, decreased body weights, decreased thymus weight and aberrant serum chemistry and hematology were also observed at unspecified doses (Feuston et al. 1994). Lack of testing at doses lower than 8 mg/kg-bw per day lowers confidence in the LOAEL. Dermal LOAEL: 8 mg/kg-bw per day for a significant reduction in platelet count. Doses of 8, 30, 125 or 500 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shaved backs of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 of each sex per dose), 5 times per week for 13 weeks. Increased liver weight was observed for males and females at 30 mg/kg-bw per day and 125 mg/kg-bw per day, respectively. At 30 mg/kg-bw per day (male) and 125 mg/kg-bw per day (female), dose-related reductions in red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet counts and a dose-related decrease in thymus weight, as well as increased mortality (20% males and 80% females), were also observed. Also at 125 mg/kg-bw per day, both sexes exhibited decreased body weight gain. All male and female rats died at 125 and 500 mg/kg-bw per day, respectively (Mobil 1988; Feuston et al. 1997). |
| Subchronic repeated-exposure health effects | 64741-81-7 | Dermal LOAEL: 8 mg/kg-bw per day for moderate skin irritation (dose-related). Doses of 8, 30 or 125 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shaved backs of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 of each sex per dose), 5 times per week for 13 weeks. Altered hematology parameters and decreased thymus weights (relative and absolute), as well as altered serum chemistry, were observed at 30 mg/kg-bw per day. Decreased body weight gain (males), as well as increased liver weight (relative and absolute) and decreased number of lymphoid cells in the thymus were observed at 125 mg/kg-bw per day (Mobil 1994b). |
| Subchronic repeated-exposure health effects | 68783-08-4 | Other dermal study: Doses of 30, 125 or 500 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 per group), 5 times per week for 13 weeks. Slight skin irritation was observed at all doses. Changes in a number of serum chemistry and hematological parameters, as well as increased liver and decreased thymus sizes were observed at 125 mg/kg-bw per day. Enlarged and reddened lymph nodes and thickening of the limiting ridge between the non-glandular and glandular sections of the stomach were also observed at this dose. Decreased body weight gain was observed at 500 mg/kg-bw per day (in males). Also at the highest dose, a reduction in hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and in the number of lymphocytes in the thymus glands, liver hypertrophy and connective tissue formation, and increased areas of hematopoiesis, focal necrosis and individual cell death in the liver were observed (Mobil 1992). |
| Carcinogenicity | 64741-62-4 | Lowest dermal effect level: 25 µL of catalytically cracked clarified oil at 1% (8.4 mg/kg-bw)[c],[d],[e],[f] resulted in skin tumours in mice. Groups of male C3H mice (50 per dose) were treated with 25 μL of catalytically cracked clarified oil at 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% (8.4, 16.8, 42.0, 83.8 and 167.6 mg/kg-bw) in mineral oil, 3 times per week for life. At 1%, 9/50 exposed mice developed tumours (four carcinomas, five papillomas). At 2%, 34/50 exposed mice developed tumours (30 carcinomas, 4 papillomas with a latency period of 92 weeks). At 5%, 46/50 exposed mice developed tumours (46 carcinomas with a latency period of 61 weeks). At 10%, 48/50 exposed mice developed tumours (47 carcinomas, 1 papilloma with a latency period of 45 weeks). At 20%, all (50/50) exposed mice developed tumours (50 carcinomas with a latency period of 36 weeks). Of the 610 mice tested with the negative control (highly refined mineral oil) from this study and two other similar studies conducted by the same author, only two mice developed benign papillomas, and none developed carcinomas (McKee et al. 1990). |
| Carcinogenicity | 64741-62-4 | Initiation/promotion dermal study : Initiation : Groups of male CD mice (30 per group) were treated with 50 μL of catalytically cracked clarified oil at 1% (16.8 mg/kg-bw)[c],[d],[f] in toluene, once per day for 5 consecutive days. After a 2-week rest period, the promoter phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate was applied 2 times per week for 25 weeks. A significant increase in skin tumour incidence was observed (26/30 exposed mice developed tumours after 16 days). Promotion : Details of study design not provided. No increase in histologically confirmed tumour incidence observed. However, statistically significant increase in the number of mice with grossly observed masses and shortened latency time were observed. Suggests possible weak promoting activity (API 1989a). |
| Developmental and reproductive health effects | 64741-62-4 | Dermal reproductive LOAEL (female): 1 mg/kg-bw per day based on a decrease in the number of live fetuses, increased incidences of resorptions and early resorptions and increased percentage of dead or resorbed conceptuses per litter (these effects were all dose-related and were observed at doses that were maternally toxic). At 1 mg/kg-bw per day, an increased incidence of fetal variations associated with a decrease in fetal body weight was observed, including slight dilatation of the lateral ventricles of the brain, moderate dilatation of the renal pelvis, bifid thoracic vertebral centrum and decreased average number of ossified caudal vertebrae, metacarpals and hindpaw phalanges (these effects were noted to be reversible delays in development). Doses of 0.05, 1, 10, 50 or 250 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the clipped skin of pregnant CD rats from gestation days 0–19 (Hoberman et al. 1995). Dermal developmental LOAEL : 8 mg/kg-bw based on fetal external abnormalities. Doses of 4, 8, 30, 125 or 250 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shaved backs of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (10 per dose) for gestation days 0–19 (4 mg/kg-bw dose given as 8 mg/kg-bw every other day). At 8 mg/kg-bw per day, external abnormalities in living and dead fetuses, including cleft palate, micrognathia (shortened lower jaw) and kinked tail, were observed (these effects were noted to occur at low incidences). An increased incidence of resorptions, decreased number of viable offspring, reduced fetal size, visceral anomalies and skeletal variations were observed at 30 mg/kg-bw per day. There were no viable fetuses at 250 mg/kg-bw per day (Mobil 1987c; Feuston et al. 1989). Other dermal study: Doses of 4, 8, 30, 125 or 500 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shaved backs of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (15 per dose) from gestation days 0–19 (4 mg/kg-bw per day dose was administered as 8 mg/kg-bw every other day). At 8 mg/kg-bw per day, an increased incidence of resorptions and a decreased number of viable fetuses were observed (biologically significant). At 30 mg/kg-bw per day, a statistically significant increased incidence of resorptions was observed, as well as decreased fetal body weight. An increased incidence of fetal external, skeletal and visceral anomalies (primarily rib malformations and cleft palate) was observed at 500 mg/kg-bw per day (Mobil 1990; Feuston et al. 1997). Other dermal study: Doses of 8, 30, 125 or 500 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shaved backs of male Sprague-Dawley rats (10 per dose), 5 times per week for 13 weeks. Decreased sperm count after 9 weeks of exposure was observed at 500 mg/kg-bw per day (Mobil 1988; Feuston et al. 1997). Oral reproductive and developmental study: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 2000 mg/kg-bw on one of gestation days 11–15 (profile of teratogenic effects as a function of gestation day). Additionally, 125, 500 or 2000 mg/kg-bw was administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on gestation day 12 (profile of teratogenic effects as a function of dose). Two separate studies used two different samples (clarified slurry oilandsyntower bottoms)for each study. |
| Developmental and reproductive health effects | 68783-08-4 | Other dermal studies: Doses of 8, 30, 125 or 500 mg/kg-bw per day were applied to the shorn dorsal skin of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats from gestation days 0–19. Pre-implantation losses (not statistically significant), as well as decreased mean fetal body weight (male pups) and increased incidence of incomplete ossification of skeletal structures (male and female pups), were observed at 125 mg/kg-bw per day. Increased mean number and percent resorptions and decreased mean fetal body weight for all viable fetuses were observed at 500 mg/kg-bw per day (Mobil 1991). A dose of 500 mg/kg-bw per day was applied to the skin of male Sprague-Dawley rats (10 rats), 5 times per week for 13 weeks. No effects on epididymal sperm or testicular sperm parameters were observed (Mobil 1992). |
| Genotoxicity: in vivo | 64741-90-1 | Positive for micronuclei induction: Groups of male and female CD Swiss mice (10 of each sex per dose) were administered 1250, 2500 or 5000 mg/kg-bw of aromatic pyrolysis oil, via oral gavage, for 2 days. One group of mice (15 of each sex per dose) was administered 5000 mg/kg-bw, via oral gavage, as a single dose. A significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed at 1250 mg/kg-bw (in males) and at 5000 mg/kg-bw (in females) (Khan and Goode 1984). |
| Genotoxicity: in vivo | 64741-57-7 | Negative for micronuclei induction: Groups of male and female rats (10 of each sex per dose) were exposed dermally to 30, 125, 500 or 2000 mg/kg-bw per day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. No increase in the frequency of micronuclei induction in bone marrow cells was observed (Mobil 1987a). |
| Genotoxicity: in vivo | 64741-62-4 | Positive for sister chromatid exchange: Groups of male and female B6C3F1 mice (5 of each sex per dose) were administered a single dose of 400, 2000 or 4000 mg/kg-bw of API 81-15, via intraperitoneal injection. A small but significant increase in sister chromatid exchanges/metaphase was observed in bone marrow cells at 2000 mg/kg-bw (in males) and at 4000 mg/kg-bw (in females). The response was also dose-related (API 1985a). Positive for unscheduled DNA synthesis: Groups of male Fischer 344 rats (3 per dose) were administered 50, 200 or 1000 mg/kg-bw of API 81-15, via oral gavage, at 2 and 12 hours. A significant increase in unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in primary hepatocyte cultures at 200 mg/kg-bw after 12 hours and at 1000 mg/kg-bw after 2 hours (API 1985b). Negative for chromosomal aberrations : Groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (11 of each sex per dose) were administered 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg-bw per day of API 81-15, via intraperitoneal injection, for 5 days. No increase in the frequency of aberrations in bone marrow cells and no increase in the mitotic index were observed (API 1985c). |
| Genotoxicity: in vitro | 64741-90-1 | Positive for unscheduled DNA synthesis: Primary rat hepatocyte cultures derived from F-344 male rat liver were exposed to ethanol dilutions of aromatic pyrolysis oilat concentrations of 0.5, 2, 10 or 60 μg/mL for 18–20 hours (without S9 metabolic activation). Concentration-response observed for unscheduled DNA synthesis at greater than or equal to 2 μg/mL (Brecher and Goode 1984). Ambiguous for mutagenicity (forward mutations): Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to ethanol dilutions of aromatic pyrolysis oil at concentrations of 32, 64, 96, 128, 175 or 256 μg/mL without S9 metabolic activation and 128, 175, 256, 375, 512 or 750 μg/mL with S9 metabolic activation. A repeat experiment was conducted at concentrations of 500, 600 or 750 μg/mL with S9 metabolic activation. S9 was prepared from Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver. Reduced cell count was observed at all concentrations (with and without S9), and significant toxicity was observed at all concentrations (with S9). An increase in mutant frequency was observed at 750 μg/mL with S9 metabolic activation accompanied by a relatively linear concentration-related response from the lower concentrations. No mutagenic effects were observed without S9 metabolic activation. In the repeat experiment, an increase in mutant frequency was observed at 500 μg/mL (higher concentrations were toxic) (Papciak and Goode 1984). |
| Genotoxicity: in vitro | 64741-62-4 64741-61-3 | Positive for mutagenicity (reverse mutations): Salmonella typhimurium TA98 was exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide extracts at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 µL/plate with S9 metabolic activation (Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver). A concentration-related increase in mutagenic potency was observed, and a mutagenicity index of 130 was determined (Blackburn et al. 1984). Additionally, S. typhimurium TA98 was exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide extracts (dissolved in cyclohexane) at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 or 5 µL/plate with S9 metabolic activation (Aroclor 1254-induced Syrian golden hamster liver). A concentration-related increase in mutagenic potency was observed, and a mutagenic index of ~58 was determined (Blackburn et al. 1986). |
| Genotoxicity: in vitro | 64741-62-4 | Positive for mutagenicity (mouse lymphoma assay): L5178Y cells exposed to API 81-15 at concentrations ranging from 1.95–31.3 nL/mL for 4 hours with and without S9 metabolic activation (rat liver). Toxicity was noted at all levels, and survival was less than 10% at concentrations above 3.9 nL/mL. Without activation, the test substance was weakly positive at the highest concentration only. With activation, the test substance induced a concentration-related increase in mutant frequency at concentrations greater than 0.977 nL/mL (API 1985c). Ambiguous for sister chromatid exchange: Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to the test substance at concentrations of 5–100 μg/mL without S9 metabolic activation and 100–5000 μg/mL with S9 metabolic activation. An increase in sister chromatid exchanges was observed with activation. No increase in sister chromatid exchanges observed without activation (API 1985f). Ambiguous for cell transformation: BALB/3T3 mouse embryo cells exposed to the test substance at concentrations of 1, 3, 6 and 9 μg/mL without S9 metabolic activation (for 3 days) and 10, 30, 100 and 300 μg/mL with S9 metabolic activation (for 4 days). S9 was prepared from Aroclor-induced male rat liver. An increase in cellular transformation frequency was observed at 100 μg/mL after 4 hours with S9 activation. Low survival rates were observed at concentrations greater than 100 μg/mL with activation. No increase in morphological transformation without activation (API 1986b). |
| Genotoxicity: in vitro | 64741-57-7 | Negative for cellular aberrations (cytogenetic assay): Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to the test substance at concentrations of 5, 8, 10, 12 or 15 μL/mL with and without S9 metabolic activation (Mobil 1987b). |
| Human studies | No studies were identified. |
[b] LC50, median lethal concentration; LD50, median lethal dose; LOAEC, lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration; LOAEL, lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
[c] Body weight not provided; thus, laboratory standards from Salem and Katz (2006) were used.
[d] The following formula was used for conversion of provided values into mg/kg-bw: (% of dilution × x mL × ρ) / bw.
[e] Density not provided; thus, a density from CONCAWE (1998) was used.
[f] A volume/volume dilution was assumed.
- Date modified: