Appendices of the Final Screening Assessment
Petroleum Sector Stream Approach
Gas Oils
[Industry-Restricted]
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers
64741-59-9
64741-82-8
Environment Canada
Health Canada
July 2013
Appendices
- Appendix 1: Petroleum Substance Grouping
- Appendix 2: Physical and Chemical Data Tables for Industry-restricted Gas Oils
- Appendix 3: Measures Designed to Prevent, Reduce or Manage Unintentional Releases
- Appendix 4: Unintentional Release Estimation of Diesel Fuel Spills to the Marine Environment
- Go to the Appendix 5
- Go to the Appendices 6 and 7
Appendix 1: Petroleum substance grouping
| Group[a] | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Crude oils | Complex combinations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and small amounts of inorganic compounds, naturally occurring under the earth’s surface or under the seafloor | Crude oil |
| Petroleum and refinery gases | Complex combinations of light hydrocarbons primarily from C1–C5 | Propane |
| Low boiling point naphthas | Complex combinations of hydrocarbons primarily from C4– C12 | Gasoline |
| Gas oils | Complex combinations of hydrocarbons primarily from C9–C25 | Diesel |
| Heavy fuel oils | Complex combinations of heavy hydrocarbons primarily from C11–C50 | Fuel Oil No. 6 |
| Base oils | Complex combinations of hydrocarbons primarily from C15–C50 | Lubricating oils |
| Aromatic extracts | Complex combinations of primarily aromatic hydrocarbons from C15–C50 | Feedstock for benzene production |
| Waxes, slack waxes and petrolatum | Complex combinations of primarily aliphatic hydrocarbons from C12–C85 | Petrolatum |
| Bitumen or vacuum residues | Complex combinations of heavy hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than C25 | Asphalt |
[a] These groups were based on classifications developed by Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe (CONCAWE 1996) and a contractor’s report presented to the Canadian Petroleum Products Institute (Simpson 2005).
Appendix 2: Physical and chemical data tables for industry-restricted gas oils
| CAS RN | 64741-59-9 | 64741-82-8 |
|---|---|---|
| DSL name | Distillates (petroleum), light catalytic cracked | Light thermal cracked distillates |
| National Chemical Inventories[a] | Distillates (petroleum), light catalytic cracked | Distillates, petroleum, light thermal cracked (AICS, EINECS, ESIS, IUCLID) |
| Chemical group (DSL Stream) | UVCB – organic | UVCB – organic |
| Major chemical class or use | Refinery streams | Distillate fuel oils |
| Major chemical subclass[b] | Complex combinations of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and aromatics (predominantly aromatic) | Complex combinations of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics |
| Carbon range[c] | C9–C25 | C10–C22 |
| Aromatic content[d] (%) | 61–80 | 57 |
| Aliphatic content[d](%) | Alkanes 14–23 Cycloalkanes 8–10 | 43 |
| Alkene content[d](%) | 0–3.7[d] | 0[c] |
| Boiling point range (°C) | 179–382[e] | 160–370[c] |
| Aliphatic : aromatic ratio | 20:80[d] [f] | 43:57[d] [g] |
Abbreviations: AICS, Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances; DSL, Domestic Substances List; EINECS, European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances; ESIS, European Chemical Substances Information System; IUCLID, International Uniform Chemical Information Database.
[a] NCI (2006)
[b] This substance is a UVCB (Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products, or Biological Materials), i.e., it is not a discrete chemical and thus may be characterized by a variety of structures.
[c] CONCAWE (1996)
[d] API (2003a)
[e] ECB (2000)
[f] The aromatic to aliphatic ratio reported for CAS RN 64741-59-9 is based on the MOBIL Light Cycle Oil sample.
[g] The aromatic to aliphatic ratio reported for CAS RN 64741-82-8 is based on the MOBIL coker light gas oil sample.
Table A2.2. Physical-chemical properties of representative substances for gas oils (EPI Suite 2008)[a]
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C10 decane (124-18-5) | 174.1 (expt.) | −29.7 (expt.) | 191 | 5.2×105 (expt.) |
| C15 pentadecane (629-62-9) | 270.6 (expt.) | 9.9 (expt.) | 0.5 (expt.) | 1.3×106 (expt.) |
| C20 eicosane (112-95-8) | 343.0 (expt.) | 36.8 (expt.) | 6.2×10−4 (expt.) | 5.3×106 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C10 4-methylnonane (17301-94-9) | 165.7 (expt.) | −99 (expt.) | 339 | 5×104 |
| C15 2-methyltetradecane (1560-95-8) | 250.2 | 1.5 | 5.8 | 3.7×105 |
| C20 3-methyl-nonadecane (6418-45-7) | 326.3 | 39.5 | 0.09 | 2.4×106 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C10 butylcyclohexane (1678-93-9) | 180.9 (expt.) | −74.7 (expt.) | 180 (expt.) | 2×104 |
| C15 nonylcyclohexane (2883-02-5) | 282 (expt.) | −10 (expt.) | 1.2 (expt.) | 5.8×104 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 cis-bicyclononane (4551-51-3) | 167 (expt.) | −53 (expt.) | 320.0 | 2100 |
| C15 pentamethyldecalin | 248 | 8.6 | 6.6 | 2.8×104 |
| C20 2,4-dimethyloctyl-2-decalin | 329 | 78 | 0.03 | 8.2×104 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C14 hydrophenanthrene | 255 | 21 | 4.5 | 8×103 |
| C18 hydrochrysene | 316 | 66.4 | 0.004 | 6×103 |
| C22 hydropicene | 365 | 117 | 0.003 | 4×103 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 ethylmethylbenzene (25550-14-5) | 165.2 (expt.) | −80.8 (expt.) | 384 (expt.) | 324.2 |
| C15 n-nonylbenzene (1081-77-2) | 280.5 (expt.) | −24 (expt.) | 0.76 (expt.) | 4200 |
| C20 1-benzyl-4,8-dimethyl-dodecane | 334.6 | 49.2 | 4 | 82 100 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C10 tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene) 119-64-2 | 207.6 (expt.) | -35.7 (expt.) | 49.1 (expt.) | 138 (expt.) |
| C15 methyloctahydro-phenanthrene | 284.8 | 50.9 | 0.337 | 939 |
| C20 ethyldodecahydro-chyrsene | 351.3 | 115.7 | 0.00279 | 1710 |
Table A2.2 cont. Physical-chemical properties of representative substances for gas oils (EPI Suite 2008)[a]
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C10 decane (124-18-5) | 5.01 (expt.) | 2.2×104 | 0.052 (expt.) |
| C15 pentadecane (629-62-9) | 7.7 | 6.7 | 7.6×10-5 (expt.) |
| C20 eicosane (112-95-8) | 10.2 | 5.9 | 0.002 (expt.) |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C10 4-methylnonane (17301-94-9) | 5.2 | 3×104 | 0.087 |
| C15 2-methyltetradecane (1560-95-8) | 7.6 | 6.6 | 0.003 |
| C20 3-methylnonadecane (6418-45-7) | 10* | 8.8 | 1.1×10-5 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C10 butylcyclohexane (1678-93-9) | 5.1 | 4.4 | 1.2 |
| C15 nonylcyclohexane (2883-02-5) | 7.5 | 4.6 | 0.004 (expt.) |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C9 cis-bicyclononane (4551-51-3) | 3.7 | 3.0 | 19.3 |
| C15 pentamethyldecalin | 6.3 | 5.5 | 0.05 |
| C20 2,4-dimethyloctyl-2-decalin | 8.9 | 7.7 | 1.1×10−4 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C14 hydrophenanthrene | 5.2 | 4.4 | 0.5 |
| C18 hydrochrysene | 6.2 | 5.3 | 0.03 |
| C22 hydropicene | 7.3 | 6.3 | 0.002 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C9 ethylmethylbenzene (25550-14-5) | 3.6 (expt.) | 2.93 | 74.6 (expt.) |
| C15 n-nonylbenzene (1081-77-2) | 7.1 (expt.) | 4.4 | 0.04 |
| C20 1-benzyl-4,8-dimethyl-dodecane | 8.78 | 5.67 | 0.0005 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C10 tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene) 119-64-2 | 3.49 (expt.) | 3.19 | 47 (expt.) |
| C15 methyloctahydro-phenanthrene | 5.40 | 4.43 | 0.37 |
| C20 ethyldodecahydro-chyrsene | 6.91 | 5.74 | 0.00274 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C10 naphthalene (91-20-3) | 3.3 (expt.) | 731 | 31 (expt.) |
| C15 4-isopropylbiphenyl | 5.5 (expt.) | 4.63 | 0.9 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C12 acenaphthene (83-32-9) | 3.92 (expt.) | 3.70 | 2.534 |
| C15 ethylfluorene | 5.05 | 4.45 | 0.198 |
| C20 isoheptylfluorene | 7.44 | 5.68 | 0.0009 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C15 4-methylphenanthrene (2531-84-2) | 4.9 | 2.6×104 | 1.7 |
| Chemical class, name and CAS RN | Log Kow | Log Koc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[d] |
|---|---|---|---|
| C16 fluoranthene (206-44-0) | 5.2 | 4.5 | 0.3 |
[a] All values are modelled unless denoted with an (expt.) for experimental data. Models used were MPBPWIN (Version 1.43) for melting point, boiling point and vapour pressure; AEROWIN (Version 1.01) for sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure; HENRYWIN (Version 3.20) for Henry’s Law constants; KOWWIN (Version 1.67a) for log Kow; KOCWIN (Version 2.0) for log Koc; WSKOWWIN (Version 1.41) for water solubility; and CONCAWE 1462 for sub-cooled liquid solubility.
[b] This is the maximum vapour pressure of the representative substance; the actual vapour pressure as a component of a mixture will be lower due to Raoult’s Law (the total vapour pressure of an ideal mixture is proportional to the sum of the vapour pressures of the mole fractions of each individual component). The lightest C15 representative substances were chosen to estimate a range of vapour pressures from the minimum to maximum values.
[c] Henry’s Law constants for C20 representative substances were calculated with HENRYWIN Version 3.10 from EPI Suite (2007), using both sub-cooled liquid solubility and sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure. Solubility data gave anomalously high values for substances that have negligible solubility and volatility.
[d] Maximum water solubility was estimated for each representative substance based on its individual physical-chemical properties. The actual water solubility of a component in a mixture will decrease, as the total water solubility of an ideal mixture is proportional to the sum of the water solubilities of the mole fractions of each individual component (Banerjee 1984).
Appendix 3: Measures designed to prevent, reduce or manage unintentional releases
For the Canadian petroleum industry, requirements at the provincial/territorial level typically prevent or manage the unintentional releases of petroleum substances and streams within a facility through the use of operating permits (SENES 2009).
At the federal level, unintentional releases of some petroleum substances are addressed under the Petroleum Refinery Liquid Effluent Regulations and guidelines in the Fisheries Act (Canada 2010). These regulations set the discharge limits of oil and grease, phenol, sulfides, ammonia nitrogen and total suspended matter, as well as testing requirements for acute toxicity in the final petroleum effluents entering Canadian waters.
Additionally, existing occupational health and safety legislation specifies measures to reduce occupational exposures of employees, and some of these measures also serve to reduce unintentional releases (CanLII 2009).
Non-regulatory measures (e.g., guidelines, best practices) are also in place at petroleum sector facilities to reduce unintentional releases. Such control measures include appropriate material selection during the design and setup processes; regular inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipelines and other process equipment; the implementation of leak detection and repair or other equivalent programs; the use of floating roofs in above-ground storage tanks to reduce the internal gaseous zone; and the minimal use of underground tanks, which can lead to undetected leaks or spills (SENES 2009).
Under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001 (Canada 2001), releases of petroleum substances from marine loading and unloading and transportation are managed by pollution prevention and response provisions (Parts 8 and 9), including the establishment of pollution prevention plans and pollution emergency plans for any discharges during loading or unloading activities.
For those substances containing highly volatile components (e.g., low boiling point naphthas, gasoline), a vapour recovery system is generally implemented or recommended at loading terminals of Canadian petroleum facilities (SENES 2009). Such a system is intended to reduce evaporative emissions during handling procedures.
Appendix 4: Unintentional release estimation of diesel fuel spills to the marine environment
| Year | Average spill volume (litres) | Maximum single spill volume (litres) | Median spill volume (litres) | Number spills reported | % of spills with unknown volume | Total known volume spilled (litres) | Extrapolated total volume spilled (litres)[b] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 2 | 50 | 100 | 244 |
| 2008 | - | - | - | 1 | 100 | - | 144 |
| 2007 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 7 | 43 | 29 | 460 |
| 2006 | 1700 | 1700 | 1700 | 2 | 50 | 1700 | 1844 |
| 2005 | - | - | - | 3 | 100 | - | 431 |
| 2004 | 46 | 91 | 46 | 5 | 60 | 92 | 523 |
| 2003 | 8 | 20 | 4 | 9 | 56 | 31 | 748 |
| 2002 | 29 | 57 | 29 | 7 | 71 | 59 | 777 |
| 2001 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - |
| 2000 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - |
| Total volume spilled | 36 | 2010 | 5169 | ||||
[a] Does not include releasess due to aircraft crash, collision, ice/frost, road conditions, subsidence, or vandalism.
[b] The extrapolated total volume was calculated using a proportional estimate of known spills to determine the frequency and volume of unknown spill volumes assuming that the distribution of reported volumes released was representative of all releases.
| Source | Total number of releases | Total volume of releases (litres) | Proportion of volume | Average release (litres) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other motor vehicle | 4 | 1700 | 0.85 | 1700 |
| Other industrial plant | 1 | 91 | 0.05 | 91 |
| Unknown | 19 | 125 | 0.06 | 31 |
| Other watercraft | 7 | 85 | 0.04 | 21 |
| Marine terminal | 1 | 4 | 0.00 | 4 |
| Pipeline | 1 | 2 | 0.00 | 2 |
| Tank truck | 1 | 2 | 0.00 | 2 |
| Marine tanker | 1 | 1 | 0.00 | 1 |
| Other | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 |
| Total | 36 | 2010 | 1.00 | 144 |
| Cause | Total number of releases | Total volume of releases (litres) | Proportion of volume | Average release (litres) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 23 | 1734 | 0.86 | 248 |
| Container leak | 2 | 191 | 0.09 | 95 |
| Discharge | 6 | 59 | 0.03 | 29 |
| Other | 4 | 22 | 0.01 | 11 |
| Valve, fitting leak | 1 | 4 | 0.00 | 4 |
| Total | 36 | 2010 | 1.00 | 144 |
| Reason | Total number of releases | Total volume of releases (litres) | Proportion of volume | Average release (litres) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 24 | 1803 | 0.90 | 258 |
| Human error | 2 | 100 | 0.05 | 100 |
| Vandalism | 1 | 91 | 0.05 | 91 |
| Equipment failure | 4 | 10 | 0.00 | 3 |
| Material failure | 1 | 4 | 0.00 | 4 |
| Corrosion | 1 | 2 | 0.00 | 2 |
| Other | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 |
| Subsidence | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 |
| Total | 36 | 2010 | 1.00 | 144 |
[a] Does not include releasess due to aircraft crash, collision, ice/frost, road conditions, subsidence, or vandalism.
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