Appendices of the Draft Screening Assessment
Cobalt and Cobalt-Containing Substances
Environment Canada
Health Canada
December 2014
Table of Contents
- Appendix 1: Identities of cobalt-containing substances that met categorization criteria
- Appendix 2: Quantities, activities and uses of cobalt-containing substance for which information was received pursuant to section 71 surveys
- Appendix 3: Releases reported for 2011 to the NPRI for “Cobalt and its compounds”
- Appendix 4: Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to aquatic, benthic and soil organisms
- Appendix 5: Summary of human health Effects information
- Appendix 6: Summary of human biomonitoring data
- Appendix 7: Summary of human exposure data
- Back to the Screening Assessment
Appendix 1: Identities of cobalt-containing substances that met categorization criteria
The CAS RN (CAS Registry Numbers), DSL (Canadian Domestic Substance List) names, common or simplified names, chemical formula and substance category for cobalt-containing substances are presented in the table below. Common or simplified names were used to simplify substances identity throughout this assessment report. These names were derived primarily based on the English DSL name, or from chemical names used by other countries or jurisdictions as listed in the National Chemicals Inventory (NCI 2007).
| CAS RN | DSL name (English) | Common name / Simplified name | Chemical formula | Substance category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 513-79-1 | Carbonic acid, cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) | Cobalt(II) carbonate | CoCO3 | Inorganics |
| 1307-86-4 | Cobalt hydroxide | Cobalt(III) hydroxide | Co(OH)3 | Inorganics |
| 1307-96-6 | Cobalt oxide | Cobalt oxide | CoO | Inorganics |
| 1317-42-6 | Cobalt sulfide | Cobalt sulphide | CoS | Inorganics |
| 7440-48-4 | Cobalt | Elemental cobalt | Co | Inorganics |
| 7542-09-8 | Carbonic acid, cobalt salt | Cobalt carbonate | CH2O3.xCo | Inorganics |
| 7646-79-9 | Cobalt chloride | Cobalt chloride | CoCl2 | Inorganics |
| 10124-43-3 | Sulfuric acid, cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) | Cobalt(II) sulfate | CoSO4 | Inorganics |
| 10141-05-6 | Nitric acid, cobalt(2+) salt | Cobalt nitrate | Co(NO3)2 | Inorganics |
| 10393-49-4 | Cobalt sulfate | Cobalt sulfate | Co.xH2O4S | Inorganics |
| 10534-89-1 | Cobalt(3+), hexaammine-, trichloride, (OC-6-11)- | Cobalt hexammine chloride | Cl.1/3CoH18N6 | Inorganics |
| 12602-23-2 | Cobalt, bis[carbonato(2-)]hexahydroxypenta- | Cobalt hydroxide carbonate | Co5(OH)6(CO3)2 | Inorganics |
| 13455-25-9 | Chromic acid (H2CrO4), cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) | Cobalt chromate | CrCoO4 | Inorganics |
| 13455-36-2 | Phosphoric acid, cobalt(2+) salt (2:3) | Cobalt phosphate | Co3(PO4)2 | Inorganics |
| 13782-01-9 | Cobaltate(3-), hexakis(nitrito-N)-, tripotassium, (OC-6-11)- | C.I. Pigment Yellow 40 | CoN6O12.3K | Inorganics |
| 21041-93-0 | Cobalt hydroxide | Cobalt(II) hydroxide | Co(OH)2 | Inorganics |
| 71-48-7 | Acetic acid, cobalt(2+) salt | Cobalt acetate | C2H4O2.1/2Co | Organic-metal salt |
| 136-52-7 | Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt(2+) salt | Cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate | C8H16O2.1/2Co | Organic-metal salt |
| 1560-69-6 | Propanoic acid, cobalt(2+) salt | Cobalt propionate | C3H6O2.1/2Co | Organic-metal salt |
| 6700-85-2 | Octanoic acid, cobalt salt | Cobalt octanoate | C8H16O2.xCo | Organic-metal salt |
| 13586-82-8 | Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt salt | Cobalt 2-ethylhexanoate | C8H16O2.xCo | Organic-metal salt |
| 13586-84-0 | Octadecanoic acid, cobalt salt | Cobalt stearate | C18H36O2.xCo | Organic-metal salt |
| 27253-31-2 | Neodecanoic acid, cobalt salt | Cobalt neodecanoate | C10H20O2.xCo | Organic-metal salt |
| 27685-51-4 | Cobaltate(2-), tetrakis(thiocyanato-N)-, mercury(2+) (1:1), (T-4)- | Cobalt mercury isothiocyanate | HgCo(NCS)4 | Organic-metal salt |
| 38582-17-1 | Cyclohexanebutanoic acid, cobalt(2+) salt | Cobalt cyclohexylbutyrate | C10H18O2.1/2Co | Organic-metal salt |
| 94246-88-5 | Cobalt, (2-ethylhexanoato-O)(isooctanoato-O)- | Cobalt ethylhexanoate isooctanoate (Cobalt EHI) | C16H30CoO4 | Organic-metal salt |
| 10210-68-1 | Cobalt, di-µ-carbonylhexacarbonyldi-, (Co-Co) | Cobalt carbonyl | C8Co2O8 | Organometallics |
| 8011-87-8 | C.I. Pigment Green 19 | C.I. Pigment Green 19 | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 65997-18-4 | Frits, chemicals | Frits | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 67711-89-1 | Calcines, copper roastingFootnote Appendix 1 Table 1 [a] | Calcines | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 68186-89-0 | C.I. Pigment Black 25 | C.I. Pigment Black 25 | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 68187-11-1 | C.I. Pigment Blue 36 | C.I. Pigment Blue 36 | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 68608-93-5 | C.I. Pigment Violet 48 | C.I. Pigment Violet 48 | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 68610-13-9 | C.I. Pigment Violet 47 | C.I. Pigment Violet 47 | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 69012-71-1 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cobalt repulp[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 69012-72-2 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, zinc cobalt[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 72869-37-5 | Zinc sulfide (ZnS), cobalt and copper-doped | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 91053-46-2 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cadmium-copper ppt.[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 121053-28-9 | Electrolytes, cobalt-manufg.[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 121053-29-0 | Slimes and Sludges, cobalt refining[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 121053-30-3 | Slimes and Sludges, cobalt electrolytic[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 124222-14-6 | Flue dust, cobalt-refining[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 124222-15-7 | Residues, cobalt-refining[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 124222-18-0 | Residues, precious metal-refining[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 129618-35-5 | Electrolytes, copper-manufg.[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 129618-36-6 | Solutions, copper hydrometallurgical[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 129618-39-9 | Solutions, cobalt hydrometallurgical[a] | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-inorganic |
| 61789-51-3 | Naphthenic acids, cobalt salts | Cobalt naphthenate | n/a | UVCBs-organic-metal salts |
| 68457-13-6 | Cobalt, borate neodecanoate complexes | Cobalt borate neodecanoate | n/a | UVCBs-organic-metal salts |
| 68988-10-3 | Zirconium, dipropylene glycol iso-Bu alc. neodecanoate propionate cobalt complexes | n/a | n/a | UVCBs-organometallic |
n/a: not available
- Footnote Appendix 1 Table 1 a
UVCBs generated by base metal smelters and refineries
Appendix 2: Quantities, activities and uses of cobalt-containing substance for which information was received pursuant to section 71 surveys
| CAS RN | Common name / Simplified name | Total quantityFootnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1 [a]manufactured (tonnes) | Total quantity[a] imported (tonnes) | Total quantity[a] used (tonnes) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10124-43-3 | Cobalt(II) sulfate | 1 000 – 10 000 | 100 – 1 000 | 1 000 – 10 000 |
| 10393-49-4 | Cobalt sulfate | 64 | 1 550 | 1 463 |
| 7440-48-4 | Cobalt | 1 000 – 10 000 | 100 – 1 000 | 100 – 1 000 |
| 1317-42-6 | Cobalt sulfide | 100 – 1 000 | greater than 500 | NAFootnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1[b] |
| 7646-79-9 | Cobalt chloride | 100 – 1 000 | 10 – 100 | 10 – 100 |
| 21041-93-0 | Cobalt hydroxide | 100 – 1 000 | 10 – 100 | 10 – 100 |
| 136-52-7 | Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt(2+) salt | 10 – 100 | 52 – 166 | NA |
| 1307-96-6 | Cobalt oxide | 10 – 100 | 13 – 59 | NA |
| 68457-13-6 | Cobalt borate neodecanoate | 0.1 – 1 | 10 – 100 | NA |
| 27253-31-2 | Cobalt neodecanoate | 10 – 100Footnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1 [c] | 10 – 100[c] | 10 – 100[c] |
| 61789-51-3 | Naphthenic acids, cobalt salts | 10 – 100[c] | 10 – 100[c] | 10 – 100[c] |
| 10210-68-1 | Cobalt carbonyl | below reporting threshold | below reporting threshold | 50 |
| 13586-84-0 | Cobalt stearate | below reporting threshold | 10 – 100 | NA |
| 10141-05-6 | Cobalt nitrate | below reporting threshold | 1 – 100 | NA |
| 1560-69-6 | Cobalt propionate | 10 – 100[c] | 10 – 100[c] | 10 – 100[c] |
| 513-79-1 | Cobalt(II) carbonate | 1 – 10[c] | 1 – 10[c] | 1 – 10[c] |
| 71-48-7 | Cobalt acetate | below reporting threshold[c] | below reporting threshold[c] | below reporting threshold[c] |
| 12602-23-2 | Cobalt hydroxide carbonate | 0.1 – 1[c] | 0.1 – 1[c] | 0.1 – 1[c] |
| 91053-46-2 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cadmium-copper ppt. | greater than 1 000 | below reporting threshold | NA |
| 124222-15-7 | Residues, cobalt-refining | greater than 500 | below reporting threshold | NA |
| 69012-71-1 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cobalt repulp | greater than 500 | below reporting threshold | NA |
| 69012-72-2 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, zinc cobalt | greater than 500 | below reporting threshold | NA |
- Footnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1 a
quantity reported for one calendar year
- Footnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1 b
NA: not applicable (information was not requested in the S.71 notice)
- Footnote Appendix 2 Table A2-1 c
The range or the value represents the total quantity in commerce and may be a combinaison of: the total quantity manufactured and/or the total quantity imported and/or the total quantity used.
| CAS RN | Common name / Simplified name | Top 1 Activity or Use #1 | Top 2 Activity or Use #2 | Top 3 Activity or Use #3 | Reporting Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10124-43-3 | Cobalt(II) sulfate | Intermediate in metallurgical processes | - | - | 2006 |
| 10393-49-4 | Cobalt sulfate | Intermediate in metallurgical processes | - | - | 2006 |
| 7440-48-4 | Cobalt | Component in alloys and carbides for applications requiring high strength and temperature resistance | Intermediate in metallurgical processes | - | 2006 |
| 1317-42-6 | Cobalt sulfide | Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining | - | - | 2008 |
| 7646-79-9 | Cobalt chloride | Intermediate in metallurgical processes | Analytical reagent | - | 2006 |
| 21041-93-0 | Cobalt hydroxide | Batteries | Catalyst manufacturing | Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining | 2011 |
| 136-52-7 | Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt(2+) salt | Paints and Coatings manufacturing | - | - | 2008 |
| 1307-96-6 | Cobalt oxide | Incidental production by-product | Catalyst manufacturing | Catalyst | 2008 |
| 68457-13-6 | Cobalt borate neodecanoate | Rubber | Automobile manufacturing | Paints and Coatings | 2008 |
| 27253-31-2 | Cobalt neodecanoate | Rubber | Paints and Coatings | Plastic | 2011 |
| 61789-51-3 | Naphthenic acids, cobalt salts | Rubber | Plastic− | − | 2011 |
| 10210-68-1 | Cobalt carbonyl | Catalyst | − | − | 2011 |
| 13586-84-0 | Cobalt stearate | Rubber | Adhesives and sealants | - | 2008 |
| 10141-05-6 | Cobalt nitrate | Plating agent | - | - | 2008 |
| 1560-69-6 | Cobalt propionate | Rubber | Paints and Coatings | - | 2011 |
| 513-79-1 | Cobalt(II) carbonate | Animal feed | - | - | 2011 |
| 71-48-7 | Cobalt acetate | Food packaging | - | - | 2008 |
| 12602-23-2 | Cobalt hydroxide carbonate | Animal feed | - | - | 2011 |
| 91053-46-2 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cadmium-copper ppt. | Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining | - | - | 2008 |
| 124222-15-7 | Residues, cobalt-refining | Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining | - | - | 2008 |
| 69012-71-1 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, cobalt repulp | Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining | - | - | 2008 |
| 69012-72-2 | Leach residues, zinc ore-calcine, zinc cobalt | Non-ferrous metal (except aluminum) smelting and refining | - | - | 2008 |
| CAS RN | Common name | Reporting Year |
|---|---|---|
| 1307-86-4 | Cobalt hydroxide | 2008 |
| 7542-09-8 | Carbonic acid, cobalt salt | 2008 |
| 13455-36-2 | Phosphoric acid, cobalt(2++) salt (2:3) | 2008 |
| 6700-85-2 | Octanoic acid, cobalt salt | 2008 |
| 13586-82-8 | Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt salt | 2008 |
| 94246-88-5 | Cobalt, (2-ethylhexanoato-O)(isooctanoato-O)- | 2008 |
| 121053-28-9 | Electrolytes, cobalt-manufg. | 2008 |
| 121053-30-3 | Slimes and Sludges, cobalt electrolytic | 2008 |
| 129618-39-9 | Solutions, cobalt hydrometallurgical | 2008 |
| 68186-89-0 | C.I. Pigment Black 25 | 2008 |
| 68608-93-5 | C.I. Pigment Violet 48 | 2008 |
| 68610-13-9 | C.I. Pigment Violet 47 | 2008 |
| 121053-29-0 | Slimes and Sludges, cobalt refining | 2008 |
| 124222-14-6 | Flue dust, cobalt-refining | 2008 |
| 8011-87-8 | C.I. Pigment Green 19 | 2011 |
| 10534-89-1 | Cobalt(3+), hexaammine-, trichloride, (OC-6-11)- | 2011 |
| 13455-25-9 | Chromic acid (H2CrO4), cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) | 2011 |
| 13782-01-9 | Cobaltate(3-), hexakis(nitrito-N)-, tripotassium, (OC-6-11)- | 2011 |
| 27685-51-4 | Cobaltate(2-), tetrakis(thiocyanato-N)-, mercury(2+) (1:1), (T-4)- | 2011 |
| 38582-17-1 | Cyclohexanebutanoic acid, cobalt(2+) salt | 2011 |
| 68988-10-3 | Zirconium, dipropylene glycol iso-Bu alc. neodecanoate propionate cobalt complexes | 2011 |
| 72869-37-5 | Zinc sulfide (ZnS), cobalt and copper-doped | 2011 |
| 65997-18-4 | Frits, chemicals | Not surveyed |
| 67711-89-1 | Calcines, copper roasting | Not surveyed |
| 68187-11-1 | C.I. Pigment Blue 36 | Not surveyed |
| 124222-18-0 | Residues, precious metal-refining | Not surveyed |
| 129618-35-5 | Electrolytes, copper-manufg. | Not surveyed |
| 129618-36-6 | Solutions, copper hydrometallurgical | Not surveyed |
Appendix 3: Releases reported for 2011 to the NPRI for “Cobalt and its compounds”
| Industrial Sector | Air | Water | Land | Total | On-site | Off-siteFootnote Appendix 3 Table A3-1[b] | Total | Off-site recycling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mining (mines/mills) | 1.7 | 8.5 | 8.9 | 20 | 3 577 | 0.088 | 3 577 | 0 |
| Other manufacturing | 5.2 | 0 | 0 | 5.2 | 0 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 45 |
| Metals (smelters/ refineries) | 3.8 | 0.242 | 0 | 4.1 | 156 | 4.7 | 156 | 13 |
| Transportation equipment manufacturing | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 19 |
| Pulp and paper | 0.264 | 0 | 0 | 0.264 | 0.010 | 0 | 0.010 | 0 |
| Electricity (power generation) | 0.069 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.071 | 5.5 | 36 | 42 | 5.4 |
| Oil sands and heavy oil | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.099 | 530 | 0.701 | 531 | 0.440 |
| Iron and steel | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.030 | 0 | 41 | 41 | 21 |
| Chemicals | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.021 | 40 | 30 | 70 | 12 |
| Wastewater treatment | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 |
| Waste treatment and disposal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 7.9 | 28 | 18 |
| Rubber | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
| Petroleum and coal products | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.271 | 0.007 | 0.069 | 0.076 | 20 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0 |
| Aluminum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cement, lime and other non-metallic minerals | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oil and gas pipelines and storage | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Upstream oil and gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wood products | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 12 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 31 | 4 329 | 129 | 4 454 | 153 |
- Footnote Appendix 3 Table A3-1 a
“Disposal” includes information on tailings and waste rocks disposal.
- Footnote Appendix 3 Table A3-1 b
Off-site disposal includes off-site treatment prior to final disposal, including at a publicly owned WWTP.
Appendix 4: Summary of reliable data for chronic toxicity of cobalt to aquatic, benthic and soil organisms.
| Test Organism | Test Compound | Hardness (mg CaCO3/L) | pH | Endpoint and duration | Toxicity Value (μg Co/L)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1[a] | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zebrafish Brachydanio rerio | CoCl2*6H2O | 100 | 7.5-7.7 | MATC 16d (survival) | 340 (340)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1 [b],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1 [c] | Dave and Xiu 1991 |
| Zebrafish Brachydanio rerio | CoCl2 | 103 ± 6.1 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | EC10 33d (biomass) | 1084 (1016) | Parametrix 2010a |
| Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas | CoCl2 | 109 | 7.6-8.5 | EC10 34d (survival) | 351 (339)[c] | Parametrix 2010a |
| Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas | CoSO4 | 236Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1[d] | 8.14 | IC10 28d (growth) | 480 (336) | Kimball 1978 |
| Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss | CoCl2 | 115 | 7.6-7.8 | EC10 81d (biomass) | 2 171 (2049)[c] | Parametrix 2010a |
Abbreviations:
ECxx: The concentration of a substance that is estimated to cause some effect on XX% of the test organisms;
ICxx: The inhibiting concentration for a specified percent effect. A point estimate of the concentration of a test substance that causes XX% reduction in a quantitative biological measurement such as growth rate;
MATC: The maximum allowable toxicant concentration, generally presented as the range between the NOEC(L) and LOEC(L) or as the geometric mean of the two measures;
NOEC: the no observed effect concentration is the highest concentration in a toxicity test not causing a statistically significant effect in comparison to the controls;
LOEC: the low observed effect concentration is the lowest concentration in a toxicity test that caused a statistically significant effect in comparison to the controls;
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1 a
Dissolved cobalt concentration
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1 b
Value in brackets represents the corrected toxicity value at 100 mg/L hardness based on the pooled regression slope, see below.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1 c
Value selected for SSD
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-1 d
Only the alkalinity (mg/L) was reported in this study; it was approximated equal to hardness and used to correct the toxicity value.
| Test Organism | Test Compound | Hardness (mg CaCO3/L) | pH | Endpoint and duration | Toxicity Value (μg Co/L)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2[a] | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amphipod Hyalella azteca | CoCl2*6H2O | 122 | 8.2 | IC25 28d (growth) | 2.9 (2.7)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 [b],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 [c] | Norwood et al. 2007 |
| Amphipod Hyalella azteca | CoCl2 | 125 ± 10 | 7.15-7.69 | EC10 28d (survival) | 5.5 (5.0) | Heijerick et al. 2007 |
| Water flea Daphnia magna | CoSO4 | 150Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2[d] | 8.31 | LOEC 28d (reproduction) | 4.4 (3.7)[c] | Kimball 1978 |
| Water flea Daphnia magna | CoCl2 | 230-250 | 7.22-7.64 | EC10 21d (reproduction) | 54 (38) | Heijerick et al. 2007 |
| Water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia | CoCl2 | 108 | 8.0-8.7 | EC10 21d (reproduction) | 7.9 (7.7)[c] | Parametrix 2010a |
| Snail Lymnea stagnalis | CoCl2 | 140 | 7.64-7.88 | EC10 28d (growth) | 22 (19)[c] | De Schamphelaere et al. 2008a |
| Midge Chironomus tentans | CoCl2 | 32-34 | 7.58-8.17 | EC10 20d (growth) | 167 (202)[c],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 [e] | Pacific Ecorisk 2005 |
| Oligochaete Aeolosoma sp | CoCl2 | 54 | 7.4-7.8 | EC10 14d (reproduction) | 155 (200)[c] | Parametrix 2010a |
Abbreviations:
ECxx: The concentration of a substance that is estimated to cause some effect on XX% of the test organisms;
ICxx: The inhibiting concentration for a specified percent effect. A point estimate of the concentration of a test substance that causes XX% reduction in a quantitative biological measurement such as growth rate;
LOEC: the low observed effect concentration is the lowest concentration in a toxicity test that caused a statistically significant effect in comparison to the controls.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 a
Dissolved cobalt concentration
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 b
Value in brackets represents the corrected toxicity value at 100 mg/L hardness based on the pooled regression slope, see below.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 c
Value selected for SSD
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 d
Hardness value estimated based on the USGS middle range for hard water.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-2 e
Corrected toxicity value at 52 mg/L hardness based on the pooled regression slope, see below.
| Test Organism | Test Compound | Hardness (mg CaCO3/L) | pH | Endpoint and duration | Toxicity Value (μg Co/L)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[a] | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duckweed Lemna minor | CoCl2 | 55Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[b] | 6.52-6.68 | EC10 7d (growth) | 4.9 (6.3)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 [c],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 [d] | Heijerick et al. 2007 |
| Green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | CoCl2 | 25Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[e] | 7.51-7.72 | EC10 4d (growth) | 23 (31)[d],Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 [f] | Heijerick et al. 2007 |
| Giant Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza | CoCl2 | 12[e] | 7.0 | EC50 4d (growth) | 140 (257)[d],[f] | Gaur et al. 1994 |
| Green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | CoCl2 | 12Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[g] | 6.8 | EC30 5d (growth) | 1 120 (2 055)[d],[f] | Macfie et al. 1994 |
| Green algae Chlamydomonas acidophila | CoCl2 | 200Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3[h] | 4.0 | EC50 4d (growth) | 4 096 (3 074)[d] | Nishikawa and Tominaga 2001 |
Abbreviations:
ECxx: The concentration of a substance that is estimated to cause some effect on XX% of the test organisms.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 a
Dissolved cobalt concentration
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 b
Calculated using the OECD test no. 221 medium composition (Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations).Sources:
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-221-lemna-sp-growth-inhabition-test_9789264016194-en http://www.groundwatersoftware.com/calculator_8_water_hardness.htm- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 c
Value in brackets represents the corrected toxicity value at 100 mg/L hardness based on the pooled regression slope, see below.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 d
Value selected for SSD
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 e
Calculated using the OECD test no. 201 medium composition (Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations). Sources:
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/book/9789264069923-en http://www.groundwatersoftware.com/calculator_8_water_hardness.htm- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 f
Corrected toxicity value at 52 mg/L hardness based on the pooled regression slope, see below.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 g
Calculated using the APP medium composition (Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations). Sources:
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/book/9789264069923-en http://www.groundwatersoftware.com/calculator_8_water_hardness.htm- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-3 h
Calculated using the Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations. Source: http://www.groundwatersoftware.com/calculator_8_water_hardness.htm
| Test Organism | Test Compound | Endpoint and duration | Toxicity Value (mg Co/kg dry wt.) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyallela azteca | CoCl2 | EC10 28d (growth) | 86 | Nguyen et al. 2009a |
| Ephoron virgo | CoCl2 | EC10 28d (growth) | 136 | Nguyen et al. 2009b |
| Chironomus riparius | CoCl2 | EC10 28d (emergence) | 148 | Nguyen et al. 2009a |
| Gammarus pulex | CoCl2 | EC10 28d (survival) | 273 | Nguyen et al. 2009b |
| Tubifex tubifex | CoCl2 | EC10 28d (reproduction) | 1176 | Nguyen et al. 2009a |
| Lumbriculus variegatus | CoCl2 | EC10 28d (survival) | greater than 2170Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-4 [a] | Nguyen et al. 2009b |
Abbreviations:
ECxx: The concentration of a substance that is estimated to cause some effect on XX% of the test organisms.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-4 a
2170 mg Co/kg sediment is the NOEC value of the study, the EC10 value will, thus, be greater than the NOEC. 2170 was used in the SSD derivation.
| Test organism | Test Compound | Endpoint and duration | Endpoint and duration | Toxicity Value (mg Co/kg dw soil) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfalfa Medicago sativa | CoCl2 | emergence | 14d-EC20 | 62.7 (art.)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-5 [a] 62.6 (nat.)Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-5[b] | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Alfalfa Medicago sativa | CoCl2 | shoot length | 14d-EC20 | 15.3 (art.) 15.9 (nat.) | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Alfalfa Medicago sativa | CoCl2 | root length | 14d-EC20 | 9.4 (art.) 22.1 (nat.) | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Barley Hordeum vulgare | CoCl2 | emergence | 14d-EC20 | 1118 (art.) 536.2 (nat.) | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Barley Hordeum vulgare | CoCl2 | shoot length | 14d-EC20 | 44.7 (art.) 108.9 (nat.) | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Barley Hordeum vulgare | CoCl2 | root length | 14d-EC20 | 34.2 (art.) 37.5 (nat.) | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Barley Hordeum vulgare | CoCl2 | Shoot growth | 21d-EC50 | 40-1708 | Li et al. 2009 |
| Barley Hordeum vulgare | CoCl2 | Root growth | 4d-LC50 | 341 5.45 mg/L | Lock et al. 2007 |
| Barley Hordeum vulgare | CoCl2 | Root growth | 4d-LC50 | 166 79.8 mg/L | Lock et al. 2007 |
| Barley Hordeum vulgare | CoCl2 | Root growth | 4d-EC50 | 45 – 863 | Micó et al. 2008 |
| Northern wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus | CoSO4 | emergence | 21d-EC50 21d-EC10 | greater than 1210 greater than 1210 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Northern wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus | CoSO4 | shoot length | 21d-IC50 21d-IC10 | 1364 189 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Northern wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus | CoSO4 | root length | 21d-IC50 21d-IC10 | 271 64.6 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Northern wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus | CoSO4 | shoot dry weight | 21d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 1175 524 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Northern wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus | CoSO4 | root dry weight | 21d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 250 44.4 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Oilseed rape Brassica napus | CoCl2 | Shoot growth | 21d-EC50 | 7-966 | Li et al. 2009 |
| Radish Raphanus sativus | CoCl2 | emergence | 14d-EC20 | 496.2 (art.) 393.2 (nat.) | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Radish Raphanus sativus | CoCl2 | shoot length | 14d-EC20 | 59.7 (art.) 94.0 (nat.) | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Radish Raphanus sativus | CoCl2 | root length | 14d-EC20 | 41.2 (art.) 45.3 (nat.) | Kapustka et al. 2006 |
| Radish Raphanus sativus | CoSO4 | emergence | 14d-EC50 14d-EC10 | greater than 1210 greater than 1210 | Environment Canada 2010 |
| Radish Raphanus sativus | CoSO4 | shoot length | 14d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 488 119 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Radish Raphanus sativus | CoSO4 | root length | 14d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 243 22.2 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Radish Raphanus sativus | CoSO4 | shoot dry weight | 14d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 2213 452 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Radish Raphanus sativus | CoSO4 | root dry weight | 14d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 741 407 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Red clover Trifolium pratense | CoSO4 | emergence | 14d-EC50 14d-EC10 | 865 287 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Red clover Trifolium pratense | CoSO4 | shoot length | 14d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 914 102 | Environment Canada 2010 |
| Red clover Trifolium pratense | CoSO4 | root length | 14d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 163 93 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Red clover Trifolium pratense | CoSO4 | shoot dry weight | 14d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 783 516 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Red clover Trifolium pratense | CoSO4 | root dry weight | 14d-IC50 14d-IC10 | 69.5 11.9 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill | CoSO4 | emergence | 14d-EC50 14d-EC10 | greater than 1210 greater than 1210 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill | CoSO4 | shoot length | 14d-IC50 14d-EC10 | 673 98 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill | CoSO4 | root length | 14d-IC50 14d-EC10 | 561 267 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill | CoSO4 | shoot dry weight | 14d-IC50 14d-EC10 | 847 426 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill | CoSO4 | root dry weight | 14d-IC50 14d-EC10 | 220 49.7 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill | CoCl2 | Shoot growth | 21d-EC50 | 7-733 | Li et al. 2009 |
Abbreviations:
ECxx: The concentration of a substance that is estimated to cause some effect on XX% of the test organisms;
ICxx: The inhibiting concentration for a specified percent effect. A point estimate of the concentration of a test substance that causes XX% reduction in a quantitative biological measurement such as growth rate;
LCxx: the concentration of a substance that is estimated to be lethal to XX% of the test organisms.
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-5 a
Artificial soil
- Footnote Appendix 4 Table A4-5 b
Natural soil
| Test organism | Test Compound | Endpoint | Duration | Toxicity Value (mg Co/kg dw soil) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Earthworm Eisenia andrei | CoSO4 | Adult survival | 35d-LC50 35d-LC10 | greater than 1210 greater than 1210 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Earthworm Eisenia andrei | CoSO4 | Juvenile production | 63d-IC50 28d-IC10 | 16.4 4.23 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Earthworm Eisenia andrei | CoSO4 | Juvenile dry mass | 63d-IC50 | 70.5 57.7 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Earthworm Eisenia fetida | CoCl2 | Reproduction | 28d-EC10 | 58-437 | De Schamphelaere et al. 2008b |
| Potworm Enchytraeus albidus | CoCl2 | Survival | 14d-LC50 | 683 227 | Lock et al. 2006 |
| Springtail Folsomia candida | CoSO4 | Adult survival | 28d-LC50 28d-LC10 | greater than 1210 greater than 1210 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Springtail Folsomia candida | CoSO4 | Juvenile production | 28d-IC50 28d-EC10 | 432 181 | Environment Canada 2010c |
| Springtail Folsomia candida | CoCl2 | Reproduction | 28d-EC50 | 159 mg/L 174 mg/L | Lock et al. 2004 |
Abbreviations:
ECxx: The concentration of a substance that is estimated to cause some effect on XX% of the test organisms;
ICxx: The inhibiting concentration for a specified percent effect. A point estimate of the concentration of a test substance that causes XX% reduction in a quantitative biological measurement such as growth rate;
LCxx: the concentration of a substance that is estimated to be lethal to XX% of the test organisms.
| Test organism | Test Compound | Endpoint (microbial process) | Duration | Toxicity Value (mg Co/kg dw soil) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variety of soil microorganisms | CoCl2 | Potential nitrification | NOEC or EC10 | 23.1-725 | Salpeteur et al. 2007 |
| Variety of soil microorganisms | CoCl2 | Glucose induced respiration | NOEC or EC10 | 6.3-606 | Salpeteur et al. 2007 |
| Variety of soil microorganisms | CoCl2 | Maize residue mineralization | NOEC or EC10 | 37.2-4696 | Salpeteur et al. 2007 |
Abbreviations:
ECxx: The concentration of a substance that is estimated to cause some effect on XX% of the test organisms;
NOEC: the no observed effect concentration is the highest concentration in a toxicity test not causing a statistically significant effect in comparison to the controls.
Appendix 5: Summary of human health Effects information
| Endpoint | Lowest Effect Levels/Result | References |
|---|---|---|
| Acute- oral | Lowest oral (gavage) LD50 (rat) = 42.4 mg Co/kg-bw [CoCl2] | Singh and Junnarkar 1991 Additional references: Speijers et al 1982 [CoCl2,CoSO4, Cobalt oxide, Nitric acid cobalt (2++) salt]; FDRL 1984 [CoSO4]; Reagan 1992 [Cobalt metal, Cobalt sulfide]; Lewis1996 [Carbonic acid, cobalt (2+) salt (1:1)]; Kniga 1980 [Cobaltate(3-), hexakis(nitrito-N)-, tripotassium,]; Luckey 1975 [CoO]; Llobet and Domingo 1983 [Nitric acid cobalt (2++) salt] |
| Acute- inhalation | Lowest inhalation LC50(rat-male/female) less than 0.261 mg/L air [Cobalt oxide]. | CoRC 2010d Additional references: CoRC 2010b |
| Acute- dermal | Lowest dermal LC50 (rat-male/female) greater than 2000 mg/kg-bw [Resin acids and Rosin acids, cobalt salts, cobalt(II) 4-oxopent-2-en-2-Olate] | CoRC 2010a. |
| Sensitization-dermal | Positive dermal sensitization in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) and guinea pig maximization test to CoCl2. Guinea pigs were also sensitized by contact with CoCl2 for 24 hours. Positive dermal sensitization in adjuvant and patch test to CoSO4. | Ikarashi et al. 1992 a, b; Camner et al. 1993; Yamano et al. 2006; Liden & Wahlberg 1994; Yanagi et al. 2001 |
| Sensitization- Inhalation | Positive sensitization in minipigs to Co metal aerosols | Kerfoot et al. 1975 |
| Irritation- dermal | Not irritating in in vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method. [cobalt oxide, cobalt sulphide, cobalt dihydroxide] | CoRC 2010c; CoRC 2010d; CoRC 2010e |
| Irritation- eye | Not irritating to eye in acute eye irritation and corrosion test in NZW rabbits [cobalt carbonate, cobalt oxide. cobalt sulphide] | CoRC 2010b; CoRC 2010c; CoRC 2010d |
| Short-term repeated dose toxicity- oral | Lowest oral LOAEL (rat) = 2.5 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on increased red blood cells (polycythemia). NOAEL = 0.62 mg Co/kg bw/day [CoCl2.6H2O] | Stanley et al. 1947 |
| Short-term repeated dose toxicity- inhalation | Lowest inhalation LOEC (rabbit) = 0.5mg Co/m3 based on effects in the respiratory system following exposure for 4-6 weeks [CoCl2] | Johansson et al. 1983, 1984 |
| Short-term repeated dose toxicity- dermal | Lowest dermal LOEL (rat) = 9.6 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on sensitization in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) – 3 day exposure [CoCl2] | Ikarashi et al. 1992 a, b |
| Subchronic toxicity- oral | Lowest oral LOEL (rat) = 0.5 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on increased latent period of conditioned reflexes and transient polycythemia following 7 months of treatment. NOAEL = 0.05 mg Co/kg-bw per day [CoCl2] | Krasovskii and Fridlyand 1971 Additional studies: Union Carbide Corp 1992[CoO] |
| Subchronic toxicity- inhalation | Lowest inhalation LOEC (mice, rat) = 0.11 mg Co/m3 based on effects in the respiratory system (squamous metaplasia of the larynx) following 13 weeks of exposure. [CoSO4. 7H2O] | NTP 1991, Bucher et al. 1990 Additional studies: Johansson et al. 1987 |
| Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity | Non-neoplastic effects: LOEC(mouse, rat) = 0.11 mg Co/m3 based on effects in the respiratory system (lesions in larynx, lung, and nose) based on 2-year inhalation bioassay of CoSO4. 7H2O at 0, 0.11, 0.38, or 1.14 mg Co/m3, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 105 weeks. Carcinogenicity: NTP concluded there were ‘clear evidence of carcinogenicity’ in male and female mice, and in female rats; and ‘some evidence of carcinogenicity’ in male rats. Rats and mice: significantly different benign and malignant alveolar/ bronchiolar neoplasms at 1.14 mg Co/m3 for males and at 0.38, or 1.14 mg Co/m3 for females. | NTP 1991, Bucher et al. 1990 |
| Developmental Toxicity | Lowest oral LOAEL (rat) = 5.2 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on developmental toxicity [visceral retardation, skeletal malformations (stern hyperplasia, double vertebral ossification centres, shortened rib 13)], increased perinatal pup death, stunted growth and transiently delayed developmental parameters [CoSO4.7H2O] | Szakmary et al. 2001 Additional studies: Domingo et al. 1985; Patternain et al. 1988 |
| Reproductive Toxicity | Lowest oral LOAEL (mice) = 9.9 mg Co/kg-bw per day based on decreased implantations, decreased number of viable fetuses, increased number of resorptions, and decreased epididymal sperm count [CoCl2-6H2O] | Elbetieha et al. 2008 Additional studies: Pedigo and Vernon 1993; Pedigo et al. 1988 |
| Counter ions of cobalt substances | Literature search on the health effects of counter ions were conducted and based on the available data; most of the counter ions are less toxic to experimental animals and humans than cobalt moiety. Counter ions that are more toxic (eg: chromium-containing substances) than cobalt moiety have already been assessed in the previous assessments, such as Priority Substances List. | US EPA 2009; HSDB 1983a, 1983b, 1983 c, 1985, 1986, 1992; Environment Canada, Health Canada 1994; Environment Canada, Health Canada 2011b; European Commission. c2000a, c2000b |
| Endpoint | Effect levels/Results | References |
|---|---|---|
| Sensitization-Dermal | Positive sensitization in 1-10% of patients for cobalt chloride in 1% in petrolatum applied as a patch test to over 4000 subjects. Positive sensitization for cobalt (2++) nitrate at 5% in water was applied in a patch test to 436 pottery factory workers. | Pratt et al. 2004; Uter et al. 2005; Warshaw et al. 2007 Pirila 1953; Additional studies: Camarasa 1967; Nielsen et al. 2000 |
| Sensitization- inhalation | Inhalation sensitization: Inhalation of cobalt chloride aerosols can produce an asthmatic response in sensitized individuals. IgE and IgA antibodies specific to cobalt have been detected in humans. Following occupational studies, explained in details under chronic exposure, showed respiratory irritation, asthma and bronchitis among workers exposed to cobalt and cobalt compounds: Based on those occupational studies, EC has classified cobalt and cobalt substances, including cobalt powders, cobalt sulphate, cobalt di-chloride, cobalt di-nitrate, cobalt carbonate, cobalt acetate, cobalt monoxide, tricobalt tetraoxide, cobalt sulphide, cobalt di-hydroxide, cobalt tri-hydroxide, cobalt oxy-hydroxide, cobalt resinate and cobalt stearate as respiratory sensitizer: Category 1B. | Shirakawa 1989; Bencko et al. 1983; Shirakawa et al. 1988, 1989; Nemery et al.1992; Linna et al. 2004; Swennen et al. 1993; Linna et al. 2003; Roto P. 1980 and Sauni R. et al. 2010; CoRC 2010a |
| Short-term repeated dose toxicity- (oral) Increased red blood cells (polycythemia) | Healthy male volunteers aged 20-47 exposed to CoCl2 Pregnant women: Children: | Davis and Fields 1958; Duckham and Lee 1976; Taylor et al. 1977; Holly 1955; Jaimet and Thode 1955 |
| Short-term repeated dose toxicity- (oral) Thyroid effects | Volunteers and patients receiving cobalt salts to treat anaemia: Doses of 2.8 to 3.9 mg Co/kg-bw per day for 3 to 8 months. Goiter enlarged thyroid and microscopic changes in thyroid. No thyroid effects reported in some anemic children orally exposed to cobalt 1.8 mg Co/kg-bw per day for 10 weeks and dialysis adults exposed to 0.32 mg Co/kg bw/day for 4 weeks. | Kriss et al. 1955; Gross et al. 1955 Jaimet and Thode, 1955 and Bowie and Hurley 1975 Additional studies: Paley et al. 1958; Roche and Layrisse 1956 |
| Subchronic toxicity- Oral Lethal cardiomyopathy | Case reports of consumers of large quantities (approximately 8-30 pints/day or 4-14 liters) of beer containing CoSO4 as a foam stabilizer. Possible influences on the victims’ susceptibility included a protein-poor diet and cardiac damage from alcohol abuse. Estimates of the cobalt exposures leading to death ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 mg/kg-bw per day (“for several years”) Well-nourished beer drinkers who drank similar quantity of beer treated with cobalt sulfate (approximate cobalt intake 0.09 mg Co/kg bw/day), did not experience any cardiac damage | Alexander 1969, 1972; Bonenfant et al. 1969; Kesteloot et al. 1968; Morin and Daniel 1967; Morin et al. 1971; Sullivan et al. 1969; IPCS 2006; Kesteloot et al. 1968 |
| Chronic toxicity- inhalation non-cancer endpoints | Cross-sectional study on 194 workers (166 men and 28 women) from 10 diamond-polishing workshops and 59 workers from three other workshops in the diamond industry (controls – 46 men and 13 women) Workers divided into three exposure categories according to airborne cobalt measurements (personal + area air samples): controls (0.0004 +/- 0.0006 mg/m3), low (0.0053+/- 0.0032 mg/m3 and high exposure (0.0151 +/- 0.0117 mg/m3). Exposure was also confirmed by measurement of cobalt in urine. The duration of employment in each exposure group was not discussed; the exposure categories represent air concentrations only at the time of the study. The high exposure group was more likely to complain about respiratory symptoms and had significantly higher prevalence of eye, nose, and throat irritation and cough. The prevalence of some symptoms (e.g. cough, phlegm) was elevated in the low exposure group compared with the control group, but the magnitude of the increase (over that seen in controls) did not achieve statistical significance (at P less than 0.05). Lung function, assessed by FVC, FEV1, MMEF (forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC), and mean PEFR, was significantly reduced in workers in the high exposure group compared with workers in the lower exposure and control groups. Lung function was not decreased in the low exposure group compared with the control group. LOAEC = 0.0151 mg/m3 NOAEC = 0.0053 mg/m3 | Nemery et al. 1992 (reviewed in ATSDR 2004) Additional studies: Linna et al. 2004; Swennen et al. 1993; Linna et al. 2003; Roto P. 1980; Sauni et al. 2010; Rehfisch et al. 20102; Lantin et al. 2013 (route-not clear); Mur et al. 1987 and Moulin et al. 1993 |
Appendix 6: Summary of human biomonitoring data
| Location / Reference | Sampling year(s) | Age (years) | Gender | N | Median | 95th Percentile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 3-79 | Male | 2940 | 0.21 (0.19 - 0.22) | 0.33 (0.30 - 0.37) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 3-79 | Female | 3130 | 0.23 (0.21 - 0.26) | 0.44 (0.38 - 0.50) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 3-79 | Male + Female | 6070 | 0.22 (0.20 - 0.24) | 0.40 (0.36 - 0.43) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 3-5 | Male + Female | 495 | 0.26 (0.24 - 0.28) | 0.42 (0.32 - 0.52) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 6-11 | Male + Female | 961 | 0.24 (0.22 - 0.26) | 0.37 (0.34 - 0.40) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 12-19 | Male + Female | 997 | 0.23 (0.21 - 0.25) | 0.38 (0.34 - 0.41) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 20-39 | Male + Female | 1313 | 0.21 (0.19 - 0.23) | 0.40 (0.35 - 0.44) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 40-59 | Male + Female | 1222 | 0.21 (0.20 - 0.23) | 0.43 (0.34 - 0.52) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 60-79 | Male + Female | 1082 | 0.22 (0.20 - 0.24) | 0.39 (0.35 - 0.42) |
| Quebec City, Canada / INSPQ 2004 | 2001 | 18-65 | Male + Female | 472 | less than 0.18 | 0.37 |
| British Columbia, Canada / Clark et al. 2007 | 2004–2005 | 30-65 | Male + Female | 39 | 0.47 | 0.71 |
| Alberta, Canada / Alberta Health and Wellness 2008 | 2005 | less than 25-31+ | Female | 50,599, pooled | 0.2-3.6Footnote Appendix 6 Table A6-1 [a] | - |
| Alberta, Canada / Government of Alberta 2010 | 2004–2006 | less than 5-13 | Male + Female | 1373, pooled | 0.16–0.2[a] |
- Footnote Appendix 6 Table A6-1 a
arithmetic mean
| Location / Reference | Sampling year(s) | Age (years) | Gender | N | Median | 95th Percentile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 3-79 | Male | 3035 | 0.23 (0.19 - 0.28) | 0.81 (0.71 - 0.91) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 3-79 | Female | 3269 | 0.27 (0.24 - 0.30) | 1.1 (1.0 - 1.3) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 3-79 | Male + Female | 6304 | 0.25 (0.22 - 0.29) | 0.97 (0.86 - 1.1) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 3-5 | Male + Female | 573 | 0.37 (0.31 - 0.43) | 1.1 (0.65 - 1.6) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 6-11 | Male + Female | 1061 | 0.40 (0.37 - 0.43) | 1.1 (0.95 - 1.3) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 12-19 | Male + Female | 1041 | 0.36 (0.32 - 0.41) | 1.5 (1.2 - 1.9) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 20-39 | Male + Female | 1320 | 0.26 (0.21 - 0.30) | 0.92 (0.75 - 1.1) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 40-59 | Male + Female | 1224 | 0.22 (0.17 - 0.27) | 0.85 (0.72 - 0.97) |
| Canada / Health Canada 2013 | 2009–2011 | 60-79 | Male + Female | 1085 | 0.18 (0.14 - 0.23) | 0.74 (0.51 - 0.98) |
| United States / US CDC 2013 | 2009–2011 | 6–20+ | Male + Female | 2848 | 0.38 (0.350 - 0.400) | 1.4 (1.20 - 1.58) |
| France / Fréry et al. 2010 | 2009–2011 | 18–74 | Male + Female | 1991 | 0.220 | 1.40 |
| Germany / Heitland et al. 2006 | 2005 | 2–6 | Male + Female | 24 | 0.6 Footnote Appendix 6 Table A6-2[a] | 2.21 |
| Germany / Heitland et al. 2006 | 2005 | 7–11 | Male + Female | 24 | 0.61 [a] | 2.19 |
| Germany / Heitland et al. 2006 | 2005 | 12–17 | Male + Female | 24 | 0.46 [a] | 2.21 |
| Germany / Heitland et al. 2006 | 2005 | 18–65 | Male + Female | 87 | 0.18 [a] | 1.53 |
- Footnote Appendix 6 Table A6-2 a
geometric mean
Appendix 7: Summary of human exposure data
| Route of Exposure | 0-6 months breast fedFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[a],Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[b] | 0-6 months not breast fed[a],[b] | 0.5–4 yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[d] | 5–11 yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[e] | 12–19 yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[f] | 20–59 yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[g] | 60+ yearsFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[h] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal AirFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[i] | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 |
| Drinking waterFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[j] | NAFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[n] | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 |
| Food and beveragesFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[k] | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.42 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.19 |
| SoilFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[l] | NA | NA | 0.002 | 0.002 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 |
| Household DustFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1[m] | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.002 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 | less than 0.001 |
| Total intake | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.19 |
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 a
Assumed to weigh 7.5 kg, to breathe 2.1 m3 of air per day (Health Canada 1998) and to ingest 38 mg of household dust per day (Wilson et al. 2013). Breast fed infants are assumed to consume solely breast milk for 6 months. Not breast fed infants are assumed to consume formula and food. Approximately 50% of not formula-fed infants are introduced to solid foods by 4 months of age and 90% by 6 months of age (NHW, 1990 in Health Canada 1998).
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 b
Assumed to consume 0.742 L of breast milk per day (Health Canada 1998). The maximum concentration measured in breast milk from 43 mothers in Newfoundland was 6μg/L. (Friel et al 1999).
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 c
Assumed to drink 0.2 L of water (for use in formula) per day (Health Canada 1998).
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 d
Assumed to weigh 15.5 kg, to drink 0.2 L of water, to breathe 9.3 m3 of air per day (Health Canada 1998) and to ingest 14 mg of soil and 41mg of household dust per day (Wilson et al. 2013).
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 e
Assumed to weigh 31.0 kg, to drink 0.4 L of water, to breathe 14.5 m3 of air per day (Health Canada 1998) and to ingest 21 mg of soil and 31mg of household dust per day (Wilson et al. 2013).
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 f
Assumed to weigh 59.4 kg, to drink 0.4 L of water, to breathe 15.8 m3 of air per day (Health Canada 1998) and to ingest 1.4 mg of soil and 2.2 mg of household dust per day (Wilson et al. 2013).7
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 g
Assumed to weigh 70.9 kg, to drink 0.4 L of water, to breathe 16.2 m3 of air per day (Health Canada 1998) and to ingest 1.6 mg of soil and 2.5 mg of household dust per day (Wilson et al. 2013).
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 h
Assumed to weigh 72.0 kg, to drink 0.4 L of water, to breathe 14.3 m3 of air per day (Health Canada 1998) and to ingest 1.5 mg of soil and 2.5 mg of household dust per day (Wilson et al. 2013).
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 i
Intake from personal air is estimated using the 95th percentile cobalt concentration in PM10 measured in the WOEAS, 0.280 ng/m3 (2.8×10-7 mg/m3) (Rasmussen 2013).
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 j
The average concentration of cobalt in treated water, 0.11 µg/L from 623 samples reported by the Province of Ontario was used to generate average intake estimates for the general population. This value was chosen as it was from one of the larger samples sizes in Table A7.5 and it was above the detection limit for the analysis. The majority of central tendency data were below LOD..
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 k
Estimates of intake from food are the results reported as part of the Canadian TDS for year 2007 (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/surveill/total-diet/index-eng.php) ; the value presented in the table corresponds to the highest value reported for overlapping age groups: 0-6 months non-breast fed is represented by 2-3 months, 0.5-4 years is represented by 7-9 months, 12-19 years is represented by 12-19 years male, 20-59 years is represented by 20-39 years male and 60+ is represented by 40-64 years male. Individual food items were purchased from three to four supermarkets; the food samples were then prepared and processed as they would be consumed in the average Canadian household. The processed foods were then mixed to make composites (over 140 different composites) which were analyzed to determine cobalt content. The concentration was then combined with food intake information for Canadians to estimate dietary daily intake. (Health Canada 2009b)
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 l
Intake of cobalt from soil is estimated using the estimated bioaccessible concentration of 2.2 mg/kg. This is based on the median of 50 samples of cobalt measured in garden soil from Ottawa, ON, 8.04 mg/kg (Rasmussen et al 2001). These results are comparable to results from soil and road dust in other studies in Canada not impacted by a point source (Table A7.6) and using a bioaccessibility factor of 28% derived for the Sudbury Area Risk Assessment (SARA 2005). The Geological Survey of Canada reported the geological background concentration of cobalt, measured in subsurface glacial till, to be 7mg/kg which is higher than or similar to soil levels from ambient levels.
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 m
Intake of cobalt from household dust is estimated using the median concentration of bioaccessible cobalt, 2 mg/kg, in household dust collected from 1017 homes as part of the CHDS (Rasmussen 2013). The CHDS was designed to provide a statistically representative measure of levels of substances in the homes of Canadians.
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-1 n
NA – not applicable
| Age | Total intake (μg/kg-bw per day)Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2[a] | Total intake (μg per day)Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2[b] | Calculated blood concentration (µg/L)Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2 [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20–59 years | 0.23 | 16 | 0.39 |
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2 a
From Appendix X
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2 b
calculated intake based on adult body weight of 70.9Kg (total intake = 0.23 μg/kg-bw per day × 70.9 kg = 16.3 µg per day
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-2 c
Cobalt blood concentration (ug/L) = 0.0092 × 16.3 µg per day (cobalt oral intake ug/day) + 0.2374 = 0.39 µg/L
| Location (city or province, Country) | Sampling year (s) | Sample description | n | Central Tendency | Range | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Newfoundland, Canada | 1988 – 1993 | 1 sample per week for 8 weeks and 1 sample week 12, 43 participants | 43 | 0 – 6Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-3 [a] | - | Friel et al. 1999 |
| Austria | - | Single sample from 27 participants | 27 | 0.19[a] | less than 0.07 – 1.20 | Krachler et al. 2000 |
| Venice, Italy | 1998 – 2000 | Single sample from each participant – low fish diet | 10 | 0.00595Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-3 [b] | - | Abballe et al. 2008 |
| Venice, Italy | 1998 – 2000 | Single sample from each participant – medium fish diet | 13 | 0.00242[b] | - | Abballe et al. 2008 |
| Venice, Italy | 1998 – 2000 | Single sample from each participant – high fish diet | 6 | less than 0.001[b] | - | Abballe et al. 2008 |
| Rome, Italy | 1998 – 2000 | Single sample from each participant | 10 | less than 0.001[b] | - | Abballe et al. 2008 |
| Portugal | 2003 | Single sample from each participant about 30 days post-partum | 19 | 0.69[a] 0.72b | 0.48 – 1.22 | Almedia et al. 2008 |
| Guatemala | - | 1 sample about 3 months post-partum | 84 | 0.24[a] | 0.05 – 2208 | WHO 1989 |
| Hungary | - | 1 sample about 3 months post-partum | 71 | 0.15[a] | 0.02 – 3.68 | WHO 1989 |
| Nigeria | - | 1 sample about 3 months post-partum | 18 | 0.64[a] | 0.26 – 1.41 | WHO 1989 |
| Philippines | - | 1 sample about 3 months post-partum | 65 | 1.40[a] | 0.48 – 4.74 | WHO 1989 |
| Sweden | - | 1 sample about 3 months post-partum | 32 | 0.27[a] | 0.10 – 0.75 | WHO 1989 |
| Zaire | - | 1 sample about 3 months post-partum | 69 | 0.36[a] | 0.09 – 1.90 | WHO 1989 |
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-3 a
median
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-3 b
arithmetic mean
| Location | Year(s) | Sample Type | n / n less than LOD | Central Tendency | 95th %ile | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Windsor, ON | 2005 – 2006 | Indoor PM2.5 | 437 / 394 | less than LOD | 0.228 | Rasmussen 2013 |
| Windsor, ON | 2005 – 2006 | Outdoor PM2.5 | 447 / 358 | less than LOD | 0.145 | Rasmussen 2013 |
| Windsor, ON | 2005 – 2006 | Personal PM2.5 | 445 / 386 | less than LOD | 0.192 | Rasmussen 2013 |
| Edmonton, AB | 2010 | Indoor PM 2.5 | 562 / 169 | 0.0197 | 0.320 | WAQB 2013a |
| Calgary | 2010 | Outdoor PM1 | 29/0 | 0.006Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-4 [a] | 0.055 | WAQB 2013b |
| Calgary | 2011 | Outdoor PM1 | 25/0 | 0.004[a] | 0.009 | WAQB 2013b |
| Halifax | 2010 | Outdoor PM1 | 38/0 | 0.030[a] | 0.170 | WAQB 2013c |
| Halifax | 2011 | Outdoor PM1 | 68/0 | 0.027[a] | 0.192 | WAQB 2013c |
| Windsor, ON | 2005 – 2006 | Indoor PM10 | 532 / 58 | 0.017[a] | 0.230 | Rasmussen 2013 |
| Windsor, ON | 2005 – 2006 | Outdoor PM10 | 890 / 2 | 0.071[a] | 0.337 | Rasmussen 2013 |
| Windsor, ON | 2005 – 2006 | Personal PM10 | 397 / 20 | 0.022[a] | 0.280 | Rasmussen 2013 |
| Sable Island | 2007 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 22 / 20 | less than 0.02 | 0.04 | NAPS 2003 - 2008 |
| Kelowna, BC | 2006 – 2007 | Outdoor PM10 | 61 / 54 | less than 0.05 | 0.05 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Quesnel | 2007 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 136 / 114 | less than 0.04 | 0.06 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Wallaceburg | 2006 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 104 / 81 | less than 0.04 | 0.07 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Golden | 2004 – 2007 | Outdoor PM10 | 224 / 158 | less than 0.04 | 0.07 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Simcoe | 2005 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 279 / 186 | less than 0.04 | 0.07 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Ottawa, ON | 2007 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 185 / 131 | less than 0.04 | 0.08 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Abbotsford | 2003 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 496 / 274 | less than 0.04 | 0.08 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Burnaby | 2003 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 545 / 281 | less than 0.04 | 0.09 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Dow Settlement | 2004 – 2007 | Outdoor PM10 | 329 / 208 | less than 0.04 | 0.9 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Saint Anicet | 2003 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 515 / 294 | less than 0.04 | 0.9 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Toronto | 2004 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 493 / 289 | less than 0.04 | 0.10 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Windsor | 2004 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 234 / 151 | less than 0.05 | 0.11 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Saint John | 2007 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 147 / 73 | 0.04 | 0.14 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Flin Flon | 2007 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 25 / 15 | less than 0.03 | 0.15 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Montreal | 2003 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 405 / 147 | 0.05 | 0.17 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Edmonton | 2006 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 279 / 121 | 0.05 | 0.45 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
| Halifax | 2006 – 2008 | Outdoor PM10 | 135 / 18 | 0.14 | 0.68 | NAPS 2003 – 2008 |
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-4 a
median
| Location | Year(s) | Sample Type | n | Central Tendency | 95th/Max | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toronto, ON | 2008 – 2010 | All plants and distribution | 101 | less than 0.5Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-5 [a] | -/ less than 0.5 | Toronto Water 2008, 2009, 2010. |
| Winnipeg, MB | 2008 – 2010 | Plants and distribution system | - | less than 0.20 [a] | -/0.23 | City of Winnipeg 2008, 2009, 2010. |
| Montreal, QC | 2008 | Treatment plants | - | less than 1[a] | -/ less than 1 | Montreal 2008. |
| Montreal, QC | 2009, 2011 | Treatment plants | - | less than 0.03 [a] | -/0.07 | Montreal 2009, 2011. |
| Victoria, BC | 2008 – 2011 | Treatment plant | 40 | Not detected – 0.5Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-5 [b] | ?? | CRD Water Services 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011. |
| Ottawa, ON | 2008 – 2010 | Plants and distribution system | 173 | less than 0.5 [a] | -/ less than 0.5 | City of Ottawa 2008, 2009, 2010. |
| Alberta | 2008 | Treated water | 4 | 0.10[b] | 0.47/2 | Province of Alberta |
| Manitoba | 2009 – 2012 | Treated water | 455 | less than 0.2[b] | 0.69/6.1 | Povince of Manitoba |
| New Brunswick | 2008 – 2012 | Treated and untreated | 458 | less than 0.1 | 0.2/4.8 | Province of New Brunswick |
| Saskatchewan | 2008 – 2012 | Plants and distribution system | 75 | less than 1 | less than 1/4.6 | Province of Saskatchewan |
| Ontario | 2008 – 2009 | Treated water | 623 | 0.11[a] | 0.26/1.37 | Province of Ontario |
| Canada wide | 2009 - 2010 | Treated water | 122 | Not detected | - | Tugulea 2013 |
| Canada wide | 2009 - 2010 | Distribution System | 96 | Not detected | - | Tugulea 2013 |
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-5 a
arithmetic mean
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-5 b
median
| Location (city or province) | Sampling year (s) | Sample description | n | Central tendency | range | 95th percentile | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Canada | ~1956 to 2006 | background Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 [a] Glacial till ( less than 63 µm) | 7398 | 9.3Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6[b] 7Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 [c] | 0.25 - 95 | 23 | Rencz et al. 2006 |
| Ottawa, ON | 1993 | ambientFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 [d] garden soil | 50 | 8.36[b] 8.05[c] | 5.55 – 15.18 | 11.58 | Rasmussen et al. 2001 |
| Toronto, ON | 2010 | Ambient[d] soil adjacent to moderate traffic | 5 | 6.0[b] 6.0[c] | 5.6 – 6.4 | - | Wiseman et al. 2013 |
| Toronto, ON | 2010 | ambient[d] soil adjacent to high traffic | 11 | 10.0[b] 10.0[c] | 7.9 – 12 | - | Wiseman et al. 2013 |
| Toronto, ON | 2010 | ambient[d]community garden (no traffic) | 2 | 6.6[b] | 4.5 – 8.7 | - | Wiseman et al. 2013 |
| Toronto, ON | 2010 | Ambient[d] University of Toronto (no traffic) | 4 | 7.1[b] 6.9[c] | 5.0 – 9.6 | - | Wiseman et al. 2013 |
| Port Colborne, ON | 1991? | point sourceFootnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 [e] not stated | - | 51[b] 39[c] | 5 – 262 | - | OMOE 2002 (see B10) |
| Cobalt, ON | 2006 | Point source[e], Cobalt Coleman Public School | 11 | 11[b] | 7-28 | 23 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2006 | Point source[e], St. Patricks Catholic School | 20 | 7 [b] | 5-12 | 11 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2005/6 | Point source[e] Cobalt Lake green spaces exposed tailings | 22 | 340 [b] | 140-1700 | 1200 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2005/6 | Point source[e]Cobalt Lake green spaces - western shore | 17 | 30 [b] | 12-86 | 68 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2005/6 | Point source[e]Cobalt Lake Green Spaces - Walking Trail | 8 | 6 [b] | 4-8 | 7 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2005/6 | Point source[e]Cobalt Lake Green Spaces - soccer field and baseball diamond | 18 | 14[b][a] | 6-67 | 64 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2005/6 | Point source[e]Cobalt Lake green spaces - Lions Playground | 8 | 11 [b] | 6-97 | OMOE 2011 | |
| Cobalt, ON | 2005/6 | Point source[e]Other parks and green spaces | 17 | 18 [b] | 5-130 | 120 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2007 | Point source[e]Residential, adjacent to Buffalo Mill and tailings | 47 | 31 [b] | 7-550 | 260 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2007 | Point source[e]Residential, adjacent to Nipissing low grade tailings | 24 | 39 [b] | 12-850 | 580 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2007 | Point source[e]Residential, adjacent to other mills and tailings | 20 | 72 [b] | 13-1500 | 930 | OMOE 2011 |
| Cobalt, ON | 2003-2007 | Point sourcee All samples | 1947 | 640[b] | 1.3 – 54000 | 16000 | OMOE 2011 |
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 a
background: measurement of the geologic background concentration of cobalt
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 b
arithmetic mean
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 c
median
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 d
ambient: measurement of surface concentration potentially influenced by natural or anthropogenic activities, but not in the vicinity of a large point source of emissions
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-6 e
point source community located in vicinity of point source emission (eg. mine site, smelter or refinery)
| Location | Sampling Year (s) | Sample description (wipe / vacuum / particle size | n | Central Tendency | Range | 95th percentile | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Canada, (total Co) | 2007 - 2010 | Vacuum less than 80µm | 1017 | 5.6Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7[b] | 0.7 – 70.2 | 18.9 | Rasmussen 2013 |
| All Canada (biaccessible Co) | 2007 - 2010 | Vacuum less than 80µm | 1017 | 2.0[b] | 0.3 – 23.2 | 5.1 | Rasmussen 2013 |
| Ottawa, ON (total Co) | 1993 | Vacuum | 48 | 8.40Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7[a] 8.77[b] | 3.28 – 22.67 | 13.10 | Rasmussen 2001 |
| Sudbury area, ON (homes) | 2001 | vacuum, near point source | 82 | 41.30[b] 55.59Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7[c] | 6.28 – 246.00 | - | SARA 2005 |
| Sudbury area, ON (elementary schools) | 2001 | vacuum, near point source | 8 | 28.8[c] | 13.6 – 45.1 | - | SARA 2005 |
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7 a
geometric mean
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7 b
median
- Footnote Appendix 7 Table A7-7 c
arithmetic mean
- Date modified: