Appendices of Final Screening Assessment
Petroleum Sector Stream Approach
Heavy Fuel Oils
[Industry-Restricted]
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers
64741-75-9
68783-08-4
70592-76-6
70592-77-7
70592-78-8
Environment Canada
Health Canada
July 2013
Appendices
- Appendix 1: Petroleum Substance Groupings
- Appendix 2: Physical and Chemical Data Tables for Industry-restricted HFOs
- Appendix 3: Measures Designed to Prevent, Minimize or Manage Unintentional Releases
- Appendix 4: Release Estimation of Industry-restricted HFOs During Transportation
- Appendix 5: Modelling results for environmental properties of industry‑restricted HFOs
- Appendices 6 to 7
Appendix 1: Petroleum substance groupings
| Group[a] | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Crude oils | Complex combinations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and small amounts of inorganic compounds, naturally occurring under the earth’s surface or under the seafloor | Crude oil |
| Petroleum and refinery gases | Complex combinations of light hydrocarbons primarily from C1–C5 | Propane |
| Low boiling point naphthas | Complex combination of hydrocarbons primarily from C4–C12 | Gasoline |
| Gas oils | Complex combination of hydrocarbons primarily from C9–C25 | Diesel |
| Heavy fuel oils | Complex combination of heavy hydrocarbons primarily from C11–C50 | Fuel Oil No. 6 |
| Base oils | Complex combination of hydrocarbons primarily from C15–C50 | Lubricating oils |
| Aromatic extracts | Complex combination of primarily aromatic hydrocarbons from C15–C50 | Feedstock for benzene production |
| Waxes, slack waxes and petrolatum | Complex combination of primarily aliphatic hydrocarbons from C12–C85 | Petrolatum |
| Bitumen or vacuum residues | Complex combination of heavy hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than C25 | Asphalt |
[a] These groups were based on classifications developed by Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe (CONCAWE) and a contractor’s report presented to the Canadian Petroleum Products Institute (Simpson 2005).
Appendix 2: Physical and chemical data tables for industry-restricted HFOs
| CAS RN and DSL Name | 64741-75-9 Residues (petroleum), hydrocracked | NCI 2006 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAS RN and DSL Name | 68783-08-4 Gas oils (petroleum), heavy atmospheric | NCI 2006 | |
| CAS RN and DSL Name | 70592-76-6 Distillates (petroleum), intermediate vacuum | NCI 2006 | |
| CAS RN and DSL Name | 70592-77-7 Distillates (petroleum), light vacuum | NCI 2006 | |
| CAS RN and DSL Name | 70592-78-8 Distillates (petroleum), vacuum | NCI 2006 | |
| Chemical group | Petroleum – HFOs | ||
| Major components | Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons | CONCAWE 1998 | |
| Carbon range | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | greater than C20 | CONCAWE 1998 |
| Carbon range | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | C7–C35 | CONCAWE 1998 |
| Carbon range | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | C14–C42 | CONCAWE 1998 |
| Carbon range | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | C11–C35 | CONCAWE 1998 |
| Carbon range | CAS RN 70592-78-8 | C15–C50 | CONCAWE 1998 |
| Approximate ratio of aromatics to non‑aromatics | 50:50 | API 2004 | |
| Three- to Seven-ring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (weight %) | 6–20% | CONCAWE 1998 | |
| CAS RN | Boiling point range (°C) | Carbon range | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 64741-75-9 | greater than 350 | greater than C20 | CONCAWE 1998; API 2004 |
| 68783-08-4 | 121–510 | C7–C35 | CONCAWE 1998; API 2004 |
| 70592-76-6 | 250–545 | C14–C42 | CONCAWE 1998; API 2004 |
| 70592-77-7 | 250–545 | C11–C35 | CONCAWE 1998; API 2004 |
| 70592-78-8 | 270–600 | C15–C50 | CONCAWE 1998; API 2004 |
Table A2.3. Representative structures attributed to each CAS RN
| Alkanes | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 | 151 | Yes | ||||
| C15 | 271 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C20 | 343 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C30 | 450 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C50 | 548 | Yes | Yes |
| Isoalkanes | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 | 141 | Yes | ||||
| C15 | 250 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| C20 | 326 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C30 | 350 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C50 | 548 | Yes | Yes |
| One-ring cycloalkanes | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 | 144 | Yes | ||||
| C15 | 282 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| C20 | 360 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C30 | 421 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C50 | 699 | Yes |
| Two-ring cycloalkanes | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 | 167 | Yes | ||||
| C15 | 244 | Yes | ||||
| C20 | 339 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C30 | 420 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C50 | 687 | Yes |
| Polycycloalkanes | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C14 | 255 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| C18 | 316 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C22 | 365 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| One-ring aromatics | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 | 165 | Yes | ||||
| C15 | 281 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C20 | 359 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C30 | 437 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C50 | 697 | Yes |
| Cycloalkane monoaromatics | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C10 | 208 | Yes | ||||
| C15 | 285 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C20 | 351 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Two-ring aromatics | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C15 | 308 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C20 | 373 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C30 | 469 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C50 | 722 | Yes |
| Cycloalkane diaromatics | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C12 | 279 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C15 | 321 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C20 | 374 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Three-ring aromatics | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C15 | 350 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| C20 | 398 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C30 | 493 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C50 | 746 | Yes |
| Four-ring aromatics | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C16 | 384 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C20 | 480 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Five-ring aromatics | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C20 | 495 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| C30 | 545 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Six- ring aromatics | Boiling point (°C) | CAS RN 64741-75-9 | CAS RN 68783-08-4 | CAS RN 70592-76-6 | CAS RN 70592-77-7 | CAS RN 70592-78-8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C22 | greater than 500 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Table A2.4. Physical-chemical properties for representative structures of HFOs[a]
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 n-nonane (111-84-2) | 68783-08-4 | 151 (expt.) | −54 (expt.) | 593 (expt.) | |
| C15 pentadecane (629-62-9) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 271 (expt.) | 12 | 0.03 | |
| C20 eicosane (112-95-8) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 343 (expt.) | 37 (expt.) | 6×10−4 | 8×10−4 |
| C30 triacontane | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 450 (expt.) | 65.8 (expt.) | 4×10−9 | 9×10−9 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9, 68333-22-2, 68478-17-1, 70592-78-8 | 548 (expt.) | 88 (expt.) | 2×10−7 | 8×10−7 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 2,3-dimethylheptane (3074-71-3) | 68783-08-4 | 141 (expt.) | −116 (expt.) | 1×103 | |
| C15 2-methyltetra- decane (1560-95-8) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7 | 250 | 1.5 | 5.8 | |
| C20 3-methyl- nonadecane (6418-45-7) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 326 | 40 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| C30 hexamethyl- tetracosane (111-01-3) | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 350 (expt.) | −38 (expt.) | 0.04 | |
| C50 | 64741-75-9, 70592-78-8 | 548 | 289 | 1×10−13 | 1×10−9 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 1,2,3-trimethyl- cyclohexane (1678-97-3) | 68783-08-4 | 144 (expt.) | −66.9 (expt.) | 649 | |
| C15 nonylcyclo- hexane (2883-02-5) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7 | 282 (expt.) | −10 (expt.) | 1.2 (expt.) | |
| C20 tetradecyl- cyclohexane (1795-18-2) | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 360 (expt.) | 24 (expt.) | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| C30 1,5-dimethyl-1-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl- octadecyl)-cyclohexane | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 421 | 103 | 2×10−4 | 9×10−4 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9, 68333-22-2, 68478-17-1 | 699 | 300 | 1×10-13 | 3×10-10 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 cis-bicyclo- nonane (4551-51-3) | 68783-08-4 | 167 (expt.) | −53 (expt.) | 320.0 | |
| C15 2-isopenta- decylin | 68783-08-4 | 244 | 23 | 2.4 | |
| C20 2,4-dimethyl- octyl-2-decalin | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 339 | 41 | 0.02 | 0.1 |
| C30 2,4,6,10,14- pentamethyl- dodecyl- 2-decalin | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 420 | 106 | 0.0001 | 0.0009 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9 | 687 | 300 | 1×10−13 | 3×10−10 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C14 hydrophenanthrene | 68783-08-4 70592-76-6 70592-77-7 | 255 | 21 | 4.5 | |
| C18 hydrochrysene | 68783-08-4 70592-76-6 70592-77-7 70592-78-8 | 316 | 66.4 | 0.004 | 0.03 |
| C22 hydropicene | 64741-75-9 68783-08-4 70592-76-6 70592-77-7 70592-78-8 | 365 | 117 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 ethylmethyl- benzene (25550-14-5) | 68783-08-4 | 165.2 (expt.) | −80.8 (expt.) | 384.0 (expt.) | |
| C15 2-nonyl- benzene (1081-77-2) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 281 (expt.) | −24 (expt.) | 0.7 (expt.) | |
| C20 tetradecyl- benzene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 359 (expt.) | 16 (expt.) | 0.008 (expt.) | 0.003 |
| C30 1-benzyl-4,8,12,16- tetramethyl- eicosane | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 437 | 131 | 1×10−5 | 1×10−4 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9 | 697 | 304 | 1×10−13 | 3×10−11 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C10 tetralin (tetrahydro- naphthalene) (119-64-2) | 68783-08-4 | 207.6 (expt.) | -35.7 (expt.) | 49.1 (expt.) | 49.1 (expt.) |
| C15 | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 284.8 | 50.9 | 0.34 | 0.58 |
| C20 ethyldodecahydro-chrysene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 351.3 | 115.7 | 0.00279 | 0.016 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C15 4-isopropyl- biphenyl | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 308 | 44 | 0.06 | |
| C20 2-isodecyl- naphthalene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 373 | 99 | 0.0007 | 0.007 |
| C30 2-(4,8,14,18-tetramethyl- hexadecyl)-naphthalene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 469 | 171 | 7×10−7 | 2×10−5 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9 | 722 | 316 | 1×10−13 | 6×10−12 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C12 acenaphthene (83-32-9) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 279 (expt.) | 93.4 (expt.) | 0.287 (expt.) | 1.36 |
| C15 ethylfluorene | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 321 | 89.5 | 0.02 | 0.085 |
| C20 isoheptylfluorene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 374 | 119 | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C15 2-methyl- phen- anthrene (2531-84-2) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 350 (expt.) | 65 (expt.) | 0.009 | |
| C20 2-isohexyl-phenanthrene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 398 | 129 | 0.0001 | 0.002 |
| C30 2-(2,4,10-trimethyl- tridecyl)-phenanthrene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 493 | 191.6 | 10×10−8 | 6×10−6 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9 | 746 | 349 | 1×10−13 | 1×10−12 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C16 fluoranthene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 384 (expt.) | 107.8 (expt.) | 1×10−3 (expt.) | 8×10−3 |
| C20 benzo[k]-fluoranthene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 480 (expt.) | 217 (expt.) | 1×10−7 (expt.) | 1×10−5 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C20 benzo[a]-pyrene (50-32-8) | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 495 (expt.) | 177 (expt.) | 7×10−7 | 2×10−5 |
| C30 dimethyl- octylbenzo[a]- pyrene | 64741-75-9 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 545 | 231 | 2×10−9 | 3×10−7 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Boiling point (°C) | Melting point (°C) | Vapour pressure (Pa)[b] | Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Pa)[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C22 benzo[ghi]-perylene (191-24-2) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | greater than 500 (expt.) | 278 (expt.) | 1×10−8 (expt.) | 4×10−6 (expt.) |
Table A2.4 cont. Physical-chemical properties for representative structures of HFOs[a]
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 n-nonane (111-84-2) | 68783-08-4 | 3×105 (expt.) | 5.7 (expt.) | 3.0 | 0.2 (expt.) | |
| C15 pentadecane (629-62-9) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 1×106 (expt.) | 7.7 | 4.6 | 8×10−5 (expt.) | |
| C20 eicosane (112-95-8) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 113 | 10 | 5.9 | 0.002 (expt.) | 0.002 (expt.) |
| C30 triacontane | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 3×104 | 15 | 13 | 5×10−11 | 2×10−10 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9, 68333-22-2, 68478-17-1, 70592-78-8 | 25 | 14 | 5×10−21 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 2,3-dimethyl-heptane (3074-71-3) | 68783-08-4 | 4.3×104 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 3.1 | |
| C15 2-methyltetra- decane (1560-95-8) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7 | 4×105 | 7.6 | 4.5 | 0.003 | |
| C20 3-methyl- nonadecane (6418-45-7) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 276 | 10 | 5.8 | 1×10−5 | 0.13 |
| C30 hexamethyl- tetracosane (111-01-3) | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 2×109 | 15 | 13 | 2×10−10 | 5×10−11 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9, 70592-78-8 | 13.8 | 6×10−21 | 3×10−18 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 1,2,3-trimethyl- cyclohexane (1678-97-3) | 68783-08-4 | 2×104 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 4.6 | |
| C15 nonylcyclo- hexane (2883-02-5) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7 | 6×104 | 7.5 | 4.6 | 0.004 (expt.) | |
| C20 tetradecyl- cyclohexane (1795-18-2) | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 63 | 9.9 | 5.9 | 1×10−5 | 0.1 |
| C30 1,5-dimethyl-1-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl- octadecyl)- cyclohexane | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 2×108 | 14.5 | 13 | 3×10−10 | 2×10−9 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9, 68333-22-2, 68478-17-1 | 25 | 14 | 2×10–21 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 cis-bicyclo- nonane (4551-51-3) | 68783-08-4 | 2×103 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 19.3 | |
| C15 2-isopenta- decylin | 68783-08-4 | 2×104 | 6.6 | 4.6 | 0.03 | |
| C20 2,4-dimethyl- octyl-2-decalin | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 1935 | 9.0 | 5.9 | 9×10−15 | 0.02 |
| C30 2,4,6,10,14- pentamethyl-dodecyl- 2-decalin | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 4×107 | 13.6 | 12 | 2×10−9 | 1×10−8 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9 | 24 | 14 | 5×10−20 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C14 hydro-phenanthrene | 68783-08-4 70592-76-6 70592-77-7 | 8×103 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 0.5 | |
| C18 hydrochrysene | 68783-08-4 70592-76-6 70592-77-7 70592-78-8 | 6×103 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 0.03 | |
| C22 hydropicene | 64741-75-9 68783-08-4 70592-76-6 70592-77-7 70592-78-8 | 4×103 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 0.002 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9 ethylmethyl-benzene (25550-14-5) | 68783-08-4 | 324 | 3.6 (expt.) | 3 | 74.6 (expt.) | |
| C15 2-nonyl- benzene (1081-77-2) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 4225 | 7.1 (expt.) | 4.6 | 0.04 | |
| C20 tetradecyl- benzene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 49 | 8.9 | 5.9 | 4×10−4 | 0.02 |
| C30 1-benzyl-4,8,12,16- tetramethyl- eicosane | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 7.0×105 | 13.5 | 12 | 7×10−9 | 8×10−8 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9 | 24 | 14 | 2×10−19 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C10 tetralin (tetrahydro- naphthalene) (119-64-2) | 68783-08-4 | 138 (expt.) | 3.5 (expt.) | 3.2 | 47 (expt.) | 6.6×10−6 |
| C15 methyl-octahydro-phenanthrene | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 939 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 0.37 | 1.8×10−9 |
| C20 ethyl-dodecahydro-chyrsene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 1710 | 6.9 | 5.7 | 0.00274 | 4×10−10 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C15 4-isopropyl- biphenyl | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 24 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 0.7 | |
| C20 2-isodecyl- naphthalene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 420 | 8.1 | 5.9 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| C30 2-(4,8,14,18-tetramethyl- hexadecyl)-naphthalene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 10×103 | 12.8 | 11 | 3×10−8 | 8×10−7 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9 | 23 | 13.9 | 1×10−18 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C12 acenaphthene (83-32-9) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 5.95 | 3.92 (expt.) | 3.70 | 2.534 | 1.30×10−6 |
| C15 ethylfluorene | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 24.8 | 5.05 | 4.45 | 0.198 | 9.7×10−9 |
| C20 isoheptyl-fluorene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 102 | 7.44 | 5.68 | 0.0009 | 1.47×10−9 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C15 2-methyl- phen- anthrene (2531-84-2) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 6.5 | 4.9 (expt.) | 4.5 | 0.3 (expt.) | |
| C20 2-isohexyl- phenanthrene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 10 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 8×10−4 | 0.05 |
| C30 2-(2,4,10-trimethyl- tridecyl)- phenanthrene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 3×103 | 12 | 10 | 1×10−8 | 5×10−7 |
| C50 | 64741-75-9 | 22 | 14 | 5×10−19 | 8×10−16 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C16 fluoranthene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 0.9 (expt.) | 5.2 | 4.5 | 0.26 (expt.) | |
| C20 benzo[k]-fluoranthene | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 2.1×10-2 | 6.1 (expt.) | 5.3 | 0.0008 (expt.) |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C20 benzo[a]-pyrene (50-32-8) | 64741-75-9, 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 5×10−5 | 6 (expt.) | 6.7 | 0.002 | 0.1 |
| C30 dimethyl- octylbenzo[a]- pyrene | 64741-75-9 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 5.1 | 10.9 | 9.5 | 1×10−7 | 1×10−5 |
| Chemical class, name (CAS RN) | HFO represented | Henry’s Law constant (Pa·m3/mol)[d] | Log K ow | Log K oc | Aqueous solubility (mg/L)[e] | Sub-cooled liquid solubility (mg/L)[f] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C22 benzo[ghi]-perylene (191-24-2) | 68783-08-4, 70592-76-6, 70592-77-7, 70592-78-8 | 3×10−3 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 0.00026 (expt.) |
[a] All values are modelled unless denoted with an (expt.) for experimental data.
[b] This is the maximum vapour pressure of the surrogate; the actual vapour pressure as a component of a mixture will be lower due to Raoult’s Law (the total vapour pressure of an ideal mixture is proportional to the sum of the vapour pressures of the mole fractions of each individual component). The lightest C9 and heaviest C50 representative structures were chosen to estimate a range of vapour pressures from the minimum to maximum values.
[c] Estimated sub-cooled liquid vapour pressures were obtained from AEROWIN (Version 1.01) in EPI Suite (2008). Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressures were only estimated for components determined to be solid at 25°C (i.e., greater than or equal to C20).
[d] Henry’s Law constants for C20–C30 representative structures were calculated with HENRYWIN Version 3.10 from EPI Suite (2008), using both sub-cooled liquid solubility and sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure. Henry’s Law constants for C50 representative structures were not calculated, as sub-cooled liquid solubility data were not available. Solubility data gave anomalously high values for substances that have negligible solubility and volatility.
[e] Maximum water solubility was estimated for each surrogate based on its individual physical-chemical properties. The actual water solubility of a component in a mixture will be lower, as the total water solubility of an ideal mixture is proportional to the sum of the water solubilities of the mole fractions of each individual component (Banerjee 1984).
[f] Estimated sub-cooled liquid solubilities were obtained from the CONCAWE1462 database within PETROTOX (2009). The estimates contained within the database were calculated using the SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry (SPARC 2009). Sub-cooled liquid solubility values were only estimated for components determined to be solid at 25°C (i.e., greater than or equal to C20). Sub-cooled liquid solubility data were not available for the C50 components.
[b] This is the maximum vapour pressure of the surrogate; the actual vapour pressure as a component of a mixture will be lower due to Raoult’s Law (the total vapour pressure of an ideal mixture is proportional to the sum of the vapour pressures of the mole fractions of each individual component). The lightest C9 and heaviest C50 representative structures were chosen to estimate a range of vapour pressures from the minimum to maximum values.
[c] Estimated sub-cooled liquid vapour pressures were obtained from AEROWIN (Version 1.01) in EPI Suite (2008). Sub-cooled liquid vapour pressures were only estimated for components determined to be solid at 25°C (i.e., greater than or equal to C20).
[d] Henry’s Law constants for C20–C30 representative structures were calculated with HENRYWIN Version 3.10 from EPI Suite (2008), using both sub-cooled liquid solubility and sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure. Henry’s Law constants for C50 representative structures were not calculated, as sub-cooled liquid solubility data were not available. Solubility data gave anomalously high values for substances that have negligible solubility and volatility.
[e] Maximum water solubility was estimated for each surrogate based on its individual physical-chemical properties. The actual water solubility of a component in a mixture will be lower, as the total water solubility of an ideal mixture is proportional to the sum of the water solubilities of the mole fractions of each individual component (Banerjee 1984).
[f] Estimated sub-cooled liquid solubilities were obtained from the CONCAWE1462 database within PETROTOX (2009). The estimates contained within the database were calculated using the SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry (SPARC 2009). Sub-cooled liquid solubility values were only estimated for components determined to be solid at 25°C (i.e., greater than or equal to C20). Sub-cooled liquid solubility data were not available for the C50 components.
Appendix 3: Measures designed to prevent, minimize or manage unintentional releases
For the Canadian petroleum industry, requirements at the provincial/territorial level typically prevent or manage the unintentional releases of petroleum substances and streams within a facility through the use of operating permits (SENES 2009).
At the federal level, unintentional releases of some petroleum substances are addressed under the Petroleum Refinery Liquid Effluent Regulations and guidelines in the Fisheries Act (Canada 2010). These regulations set the discharge limits of oil and grease, phenol, sulfides, ammonia nitrogen and total suspended matter, and lay out testing requirements for acute toxicity in the final petroleum effluents entering Canadian waters.
Additionally, existing occupational health and safety legislation specifies measures to reduce occupational exposures of employees, and some of these measures also serve to reduce unintentional releases (CanLII 2009).
Non-regulatory measures (e.g., guidelines, best practices) are also in place at petroleum sector facilities to reduce unintentional releases. Such control measures include appropriate material selection during the design and setup processes; regular inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipelines and other process equipment; the implementation of leak detection and repair or other equivalent programs; the use of floating roofs in above-ground storage tanks to reduce the internal gaseous zone; and the minimal use of underground tanks, which can lead to undetected leaks or spills (SENES 2009).
Under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001 (Canada 2001), releases of petroleum substances from marine loading and unloading and transportation are managed by pollution prevention and response provisions (Parts 8 and 9), including the establishment of pollution prevention plans and pollution emergency plans for any discharges during loading or unloading activities.
For those substances containing highly volatile components (e.g., low boiling point naphthas, gasoline), a vapour recovery system is generally implemented or recommended at loading terminals of Canadian petroleum facilities (SENES 2009). Such a system is intended to reduce evaporative emissions during handling procedures.
Intentional releases of petroleum products to Canadian marine waters have been regulated under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001 and the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 to reduce the exposure of and hazard to seabirds through direct and indirect effects. The National Aerial Surveillance Program of Transport Canada was designed to monitor and deter such releases (Transport Canada 2010).
Appendix 4: Release estimation of industry-restricted HFOs during transportation
| Year | Average spill volume (litres) | Maximum single spill volume (litres) | Median spill volume (litres) | Number spills reported | % of spills with unknown volume | Total known volume spilled (litres) | Extrapolated total volume spilled (litres)[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 12 592 | 98 000 | 636 | 16 | 43.8 | 113 330 | 162 834 |
| 2008 | 21 101 | 196 000 | 75 | 15 | 26.7 | 232 115 | 260 404 |
| 2007 | 27 000 | 222 460 | 200 | 27 | 22.2 | 566 995 | 609 428 |
| 2006 | 1197 | 15 000 | 261 | 32 | 25.0 | 28 726 | 85 303 |
| 2005 | 6351 | 127 184 | 227 | 52 | 36.5 | 209 599 | 343 969 |
| 2004 | 7523 | 98 000 | 182 | 39 | 30.8 | 203 131 | 287 997 |
| 2003 | 4230 | 79 490 | 132 | 43 | 34.9 | 118 438 | 224 520 |
| 2002 | 2325 | 60 000 | 227 | 58 | 27.6 | 97 662 | 210 815 |
| 2001 | 3182 | 65 000 | 216 | 32 | 18.8 | 82 744 | 125 177 |
| 2000 | 2083 | 27 822 | 95 | 25 | 28.0 | 37 491 | 86 995 |
| Total volume spilled | 1 690 231 | 2 397 441 | |||||
[1] The extrapolated total volume was calculated using a proportional estimate of known spills to determine the frequency and volume of unknown spill volumes, assuming that the distribution of reported volumes released was representative of all releases.
| Source | Total spills | Volume spilled (L) | Proportion of total volume | Average volume spilled (L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other watercraft | 43 | 416 759 | 0.247 | 14 371 |
| Pipeline | 13 | 333 431 | 0.197 | 33 343 |
| Marine tanker | 9 | 323 523 | 0.191 | 40 440 |
| Other | 46 | 156 374 | 0.093 | 4739 |
| Other industrial plant | 44 | 133 540 | 0.079 | 3257 |
| Marine terminal | 16 | 132 093 | 0.078 | 12 008 |
| Train | 11 | 61 304 | 0.036 | 10 217 |
| Tank truck | 21 | 37 431 | 0.022 | 2202 |
| Refinery | 23 | 31 904 | 0.019 | 1679 |
| Other storage facilities | 22 | 28 945 | 0.017 | 1809 |
| Unknown | 36 | 9294 | 0.005 | 774 |
| Storage depot | 7 | 6550 | 0.004 | 936 |
| Transport truck | 5 | 5150 | 0.003 | 1030 |
| Barge | 8 | 5018 | 0.003 | 1004 |
| Bulk carrier | 12 | 3805 | 0.002 | 951 |
| Chemical plant | 2 | 2270 | 0.001 | 2270 |
| Electrical equipment | 7 | 1274 | 0.001 | 182 |
| Other motor vehicle | 6 | 1129 | 0.001 | 282 |
| Production field | 4 | 418 | 0.000 | 139 |
| Migration | 2 | 20 | 0.000 | 20 |
| Municipal sewer | 1 | NA[a] | NA | NA |
| Service station | 1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Total | 339 | 1 690 232 | 1 | 6583 |
[a] NA: Data not available.
| Cause | Total spills | Volume spilled (L) | Proportion of volume | Average volume spilled (L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pipe leak | 74 | 644 515 | 0.381 | 10 742 |
| Unknown | 72 | 414 993 | 0.246 | 11 216 |
| Sinking | 5 | 222 860 | 0.132 | 111 430 |
| Other | 47 | 141 964 | 0.084 | 4302 |
| Grounding | 7 | 98 980 | 0.059 | 32 993 |
| Overflow | 35 | 61 692 | 0.036 | 2056 |
| Above-ground tank leak | 19 | 51 597 | 0.031 | 3440 |
| Valve, fitting leak | 23 | 16 600 | 0.010 | 755 |
| Container leak | 21 | 11 267 | 0.007 | 751 |
| Discharge | 18 | 10 174 | 0.006 | 1130 |
| Overturn | 6 | 6637 | 0.004 | 1659 |
| Process upset | 3 | 4928 | 0.003 | 1643 |
| Underground tank leak | 2 | 2880 | 0.002 | 2880 |
| Well blowout | 2 | 500 | 0.000 | 250 |
| Cooling system leak | 2 | 443 | 0.000 | 221 |
| Derailment | 3 | 200 | 0.000 | 200 |
| Total | 339 | 1 690 232 | 1 | 11 604 |
| Reason | Total spills | Volume spilled (L) | Proportion of volume | Average volume spilled (L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 119 | 721 969 | 0.427 | 10 617 |
| Material failure | 42 | 270 403 | 0.160 | 7726 |
| Human error | 56 | 263 605 | 0.156 | 5380 |
| Other | 29 | 196 316 | 0.116 | 10 332 |
| Fire, explosion | 1 | 98 000 | 0.058 | 98 000 |
| Equipment failure | 65 | 77 178 | 0.046 | 1642 |
| Negligence | 3 | 35 000 | 0.021 | 35 000 |
| Gasket, joint | 11 | 19 011 | 0.011 | 1728 |
| Damage by equipment | 4 | 5520 | 0.003 | 1840 |
| Power failure | 2 | 2270 | 0.001 | 2270 |
| Migration | 2 | 20 | 0.000 | 20 |
| Intent | 2 | 182 | 0.000 | 182 |
| Corrosion | 2 | 569 | 0.000 | 569 |
| Weld, seam failure | 1 | 190 | 0.000 | 190 |
| Total | 339 | 1 690 232 | 1 | 12 535 |
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